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- A COVID-19 e a sociedade Portuguesa: Uma crise sindémicaPublication . Godinho, Sandra; Calheiros, M M; Garrido, M. V.; Ferreira, Mário B.; Graça, João; Sarroeira, Ana
- Is it the child's fault? Maternal attributions in child abuse and neglectPublication . Camilo, Cláudia; Garrido, M. V.; Calheros, M. M.Among the parental cognitions explaining maladaptive parenting, attributions about a child’s misbehavior seem important. However, there is little research on neglectful parents, and the different patterns of parental attributions associated with child abuse and child neglect are still underexplained. The current study examines parental attributions associated with child abuse and child neglect. Method: Mothers (N = 218) were asked to evaluate vignettes describing child transgressions, half of which were followed by situational information. Child abuse and child neglect were evaluated through mothers’ and professionals’ reports. Results: Preliminary results indicated that the child’s age and maternal socioeconomic status were significantly correlated with attributions and child abuse and neglect scores and thus were controlled in the models. The results from hierarchical regressions indicated that dispositional attributions were associated with higher abuse scores (reported by mothers), even in the presence of situational information. Likewise, dispositional attributions were associated with higher neglect scores (reported by professionals), but the effect was no longer significant in the presence of situational information. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the current socio-cognitive approaches to child maltreatment and provide relevant input for understanding the different attributional mechanisms underlying child abuse and neglect.
- How does mothering look like: a multidimensional approach to maternal cognitive representationsPublication . Camilo, Cláudia; Garrido, M. V.; Ferreira, Mário B.; Calheiros, M MFrom a cognitive information processing perspective, parents’ cognitive schemas strongly influence the way they perceive and act toward their children. In order to explore how maternal cognitive representations about parenting are organized in a multidimensional space, mothers referred to child protection services and mothers with no such reference completed a free description task of maternal attributes and a sorting task of those attributes according to their probability of co-occurrence in the same mother. Overall, the results suggest that maladaptive parenting seems to be associated with less positive parental schemata, higher schemata rigidity, and higher external attributions regarding parenting. Using multidimensional scaling to represent the structure and content of maternal schemata constitutes an innovative contribution to the parenting domain with potential applications. These conceptual maps representing maternal schemata that shape parental responses in child-rearing situations can be used as theoretical frameworks to develop empirically based guidelines for intervention work with maltreating parents.
- The social information processing model in child physical abuse and neglect: a meta-analytic reviewPublication . Camilo, Cláudia; Garrido, M. V.; Calheros, M. M.Background: Child maltreatment has been recently examined from a cognitive-behavioral perspective. The Social Information Processing (SIP) model specifies how parental cognitions can be associated with child physical abuse and neglect and suggests that maltreating parents do not adequately respond to the child’s needs due to errors/bias in the cognitive processing of childrelated information. Objective: This study provides two separate meta-analytic reviews of research exploring the role of parents’ socio-cognitive variables in shaping child physical abuse and child neglect, identifying the association of each SIP stage to these types of maltreatment. Method: After a four-phase systematic literature search based in PRISMA with inter-judges’ agreement, 130 effect sizes were extracted from the 51 studies selected. Results: Overall, the effect sizes of the four cognitive stages of the model were significant for physical abuse and ranged from small (r = .190 for parents’ interpretations of children’s signals) to moderate (r = .315 for parents’ perceptions of children’s signals). Regarding neglect, only the overall effect of parent’s preexisting schemata was significant but small in magnitude (r = .231). Conclusions: The results of these multilevel meta-analyses support the general hypothesis that physically abusive parents may incur in biases in processing child-related information, but further research is still required regarding neglect. Theoretically this work is likely to provide a more solid framework to understand parental cognitions underlying child maltreatment with potential implications for evaluation and intervention with maltreating or at-risk parents.
- Parental attitudes in child maltreatmentPublication . Camilo, Cláudia; Garrido, M. V.; Calheros, M. M.An information-processing approach to maladaptive parenting suggests that high-risk and maltreating parents are likely to hold inaccurate and biased preexisting cognitive schemata about child development and child rearing. Importantly, these schemas, which may include values, beliefs, expectations, and attitudes, are known to influence the way parents perceive and subsequently act toward their children. However, the few studies specifically addressing parental attitudes only considered global maltreatment, not distinguishing abuse from neglect. Moreover, few have considered dual-process models of cognition, relying mostly on the explicit level of parental attitudes that can be prone to various biases. Based on the Social Information Processing (SIP) model of child abuse and neglect, this study examines the association of parents preexisting cognitive schemata, namely explicit and implicit parental attitudes, and child abuse and neglect. A convenience sample of 201 mothers (half with at least one child referred to child protection services) completed a measure of explicit parental attitudes and a speed-accuracy task related to parenting. Abuse and neglect were measured with self-report and professionals-report instruments. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that maladaptive parenting is related with more biased preexisting cognitive schemas, namely attitudes related to parenting, but only for neglect and particularly when reported by professionals. Moreover, the results observed with both the explicit and implicit measures of attitudes were convergent, with mothers presenting more inadequate explicit attitudes also exhibiting an overall lower performance in the implicit attitudes task. This study is likely to contribute to the SIP framework of child abuse and neglect, particularly for the elucidation of the sociocognitive factors underlying maladaptive parenting, while also providing relevant cues for prevention and intervention programs.
- Gostar ou elevar... Eis a questão: Normas de valência e de conteúdo espacial de uma lista de palavrasPublication . Garrido, Margarida V.; Azevedo, Catarina; Prada, Marília; Correia Dos Santos, Ana SofiaEste estudo apresenta normas de valência (positiva/negativa) e de conteúdo espacial (cima/baixo) de 336 palavras. A partir das avaliações independentes da valência e do conteúdo espacial de uma lista de palavras foi possível calcular, para cada dimensão, a média, intervalos de confiança e desvio- -padrão de cada palavra. Esta análise permitiu identificar 63 palavras de valência positiva, 61 de valência negativa e 94 neutras na dimensão de valência. Identificaram-se ainda 66 palavras associa - das ao construto espacial “cima”, 79 ao construto espacial “baixo” e 45 a uma localização espacial “intermédia”. Os resultados revelaram também uma associação entre valência e conteúdo espacial, indicando que palavras “positivas” se associam ao construto espacial “cima”, enquanto que as “negativas” se associam ao construto espacial “baixo”. A avaliação nas duas dimensões apresenta uma correlação forte e positiva indicando que quanto mais “positiva” a avaliação da valência das palavras mais estas se associam ao construto espacial “cima”. Este material estímulo poderá contribuir para clarificar os mecanismos subjacentes à relação metafórica valência/posição espacial vertical, permitindo, nomeadamente a manipulação ortogonal e, consequentemente, a identificação do contributo individual de cada dimensão para as associações observadas.
- A Covid-19 e a sociedade portuguesa: Avaliação, estratégia e políticas públicas baseadas na resiliência para responder ao risco sistémico da Covid-19Publication . Godinho, Sandra; Calheiros, M M; Garrido, M. V.; Ferreira, Mário B.; Graça, João; Sarroeira, Ana; Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos
- How Does Mothering Look Like: A Multidimensional Approach to Maternal Cognitive RepresentationsPublication . Camilo, Cláudia; Garrido, M. V.; Ferreira, Mário B.; Calheros, M. M.From a cognitive information processing perspective, parents’ cognitive schemas strongly influence the way they perceive and act toward their children. In order to explore how maternal cognitive representations about parenting are organized in a multidimensional space, mothers referred to child protection services and mothers with no such reference completed a free description task of maternal attributes and a sorting task of those attributes according to their probability of co-occurrence in the same mother. Overall, the results suggest that maladaptive parenting seems to be associated with less positive parental schemata, higher schemata rigidity, and higher external attributions regarding parenting. Using multidimensional scaling to represent the structure and content of maternal schemata constitutes an innovative contribution to the parenting domain with potential applications. These conceptual maps representing maternal schemata that shape parental responses in child-rearing situations can be used as theoretical frameworks to develop empirically based guidelines for intervention work with maltreating parents.
- Recognizing children's emotions in child abuse and neglectPublication . Camilo, Cláudia; Garrido, M. V.; Calheros, M. M.Past research has suggested that parents' ability to recognize their children's emotions is associated with an enhanced quality of parent–child interactions and appropriateness of parental caregiving behavior. Although this association has also been examined in abusive and neglectful parents, the results are mixed and do not adequately address child neglect. Based on the Social Information Processing model of child abuse and neglect, we examined the association between mothers' ability to recognize children's emotions and self‐ and professionals‐reported child abuse and neglect. The ability to recognize children's emotions was assessed with an implicit valence classification task and an emotion labeling task. A convenience sample of 166 mothers (78 with at least one child referred to Child Protection Services) completed the tasks. Child abuse and neglect were measured with self‐report and professionals‐report instruments. The moderating role of mothers' intellectual functioning and socioeconomic status were also examined. Results revealed that abusive mothers performed more poorly on the negative emotions recognition task, while neglectful mothers demonstrated a lower overall ability in recognizing children's emotions. When classifying the valence of emotions, mothers who obtained higher scores on child neglect presented a higher positivity bias particularly when their scores in measures of intellectual functioning were low. There was no moderation effect for socioeconomic status. Moreover, the results for child abuse were mainly observed with self‐report measures, while for child neglect, they predominantly emerged with professionals‐report. Our findings highlight the important contribution of the social information processing model in the context of child maltreatment, with implications for prevention and intervention addressed.
- The social image of families of children and youth in residential care: a characterization and comparison with mainstream families with different socioeconomic statusPublication . Patrício, Joana; Lopes, Diniz; Garrido, M. V.; Calheros, M. M.The literature suggests that families of children and youths in residential care are often associated with negative social images. These images may shape prejudiced attitudes and behavior toward them and, when shared by care professionals, compromise the effectiveness of family intervention and reintegration. This study explored these social images in a sample of 176 participants with and without professional contact with this population. Participants were asked to indicate five attributes describing families of children or youths living in residential care or in mainstream environments with low or medium socioeconomic status (SES). Results indicated that both families of children and youths in residential care and families of low SES were predominantly described with negative attributes. However, only the former were characterized by dysfunctional parenting-related attributes. Medium SES families were overall described with positive attributes. Furthermore, these social images were organized in different profiles. Implications for family intervention and reintegration are discussed