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- The mediating role of patient satisfaction and perceived quality of healthcare in the emergency departmentPublication . Abidova, Alina; Silva, Pedro Alcântara da; Moreira, SérgioThe purpose of this research was to identify whether a certain set of drivers of satisfaction/perceived quality of healthcare (PQHC) could indirectly affect patients' confidence/trust in the emergency department (ED).Patients were seen at an ED in the public hospital in Lisbon, Portugal between January and December 2016. Data were collected between May and November 2017, using a questionnaire, by mail or e-mail. The total sample size comprised 382 patients. The data analysis included structural equation modeling to test the conceptual model with specific drivers of satisfaction/PQHC (privacy; accessibility and availability; doctors; meeting expectations; waiting time for triage [perception]; waiting time to be called back by the doctor following examinations and/or tests [perception]; information about possible delays in receiving treatment/waiting times) and with the main outcome (confidence/trust in the ED) using path analysis.The analysis of the coefficients revealed that all the mediated paths are statistically significant (P ≤ .05). Although, altogether, the direct paths did not prove statistically significant (P > .05), the overall satisfaction with doctors (P ≤ .01) and meeting expectations (P = .01) can still directly explain the confidence/trust in the ED without the mediating role of satisfaction and PQHC. Hence, overall satisfaction with doctors and meeting expectations can influence, both directly and indirectly, confidence/trust in the ED. All other variables can only indirectly affect confidence/trust in the ED, either through PQHC or through satisfaction.Even though there are more variables that influence confidence/trust in the ED through PQHC (1)waiting time to be called back by the doctor following examinations and/or tests [perception]; 2) privacy; 3) accessibility and availability; 4) doctors; 5) meeting expectations than through satisfaction (1)waiting time for triage [perception]; 2) information about possible delays in receiving treatment/waiting times; 3) doctors; 4) meeting expectations), we observe the strongest contribution in the mediation model through satisfaction, which reveals its dominant role over PQHC.
- Stereotypes: From an illusory stability to an illusory belief accountPublication . Correia dos Santos, Ana Sofia; Moreira, Sérgio; Garcia-Marques, LeonelThe categorization literature has shown that concepts are unstable and context-dependent knowledge structures (e.g., Barsalou, 1987; 1989). Three studies show similar findings for stereotypes. Study 1 revealed only moderate levels of within-participants stability in the content of social categories. Study 2 showed that irrelevant attributes of social groups are incorporated into the groups’ stereotype as long as they are contextually salient. Study 3 provided preliminary evidence suggesting that stereotype context sensitivity may be accounted for a belief illusion account.
- Psychometric Assessment of the Physicians’ Job Demands and Resources ScalePublication . Moreira, Sérgio; Oliveira, Sofia; Vala, Jorge; Costa-Lopes, Rui; Marques-Pinto, A.Job demands and resources have been consistently associated with the burnout syndrome in physicians, however the literature points to a lack of robust measures to assess these job characteristics across various medical specialties. This study aimed to develop a theoretically and empirically grounded physician-specific job demands and resources self-report measure – the Physicians’ Job Demands and Resources Scale. Relevant dimensions of physicians’ job demands and resources were identified, corresponding measurement items were generated and pre-tested, and the factor structure of the resulting 44 items was tested with a sample of 9,176 Portuguese physicians. The results of EFAs and CFAs with two random split samples provided consistent evidence of a nine-factor structure with 38 of the 44 items. Importantly, the nine-factor structure is consistent with the dimensions identified in the literature. The paper discusses the theoretical and practical impacts of the scale.
- Implicit open-mindedness: Evidence for and limits on stereotype malleabilityPublication . Correia dos Santos, Ana Sofia; Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Mackie, Diane M.; Ferreira, Mário B.; Payne, B. Keith; Moreira, SérgioAlthough stereotypes have traditionally been regarded as stable, research has documented their considerable malleability. One potential source of such malleability is intrusion into the stereotype of other concepts also activated when the stereotype is activated. In three experiments we assessed the extent to which stereotypes were influenced by stereotypic, stereotype-unrelated, or counter-stereotypic traits activated in a completely unrelated context immediately prior to stereotype measurement. Across experiments, priming of stereotypeunrelated traits increased their inclusion in the stereotype, whereas priming of counter-stereotypic traits had no effect in the subsequently assessed stereotype. In Experiment 3 we collected perceived dispersion measures and showed that although priming counter-stereotypic traits had no effect on overall characterization of the target group, it boosted perceptions of the group's variability. We accounted for these results by extending Higgins' (1989) Synapse Model of knowledge accessibility to the stereotype domain.
- Traços Estereotípicos Associados a 32 Grupos ProfissionaisPublication . Moreira, Sérgio; Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Correia Dos Santos, Ana SofiaO objectivo deste estudo foi recolher os atributos culturalmente associados ao estereotipo de 32 grupos profissionais em Portugal. Para o efeito, 62 participantes realizaram uma tarefa de geração espontânea em que, para cada um dos 32 grupos profissionais, reportaram um conjunto de 5 atributos que pensam que a sociedade em geral considera como típicos. A análise da frequência de geração de atributos entre participantes permitiu identificar os atributos culturalmente associados aos grupos profissionais em estudo.
- Student-Teacher Closeness and Conflict in Students with and without Special Educational NeedsPublication . Freire, Sofia; Pipa, J.; Aguiar, Cecília; Vaz da Silva, Francisco; Moreira, SérgioTeachers play a key role in creating effective conditions for students to succeed in school. The quality of student–teacher relationships is consistently associated with social, emotional, behavioural and academic adjustment, and this is even more relevant for students with special educational needs (SEN), considering these students’ emotional, social and learning vulnerabilities. This study aimed to examine the associations between students’ externalising and internalising behaviour, social skills and academic performance, and teachers’ perceptions of conflict and closeness in their relationships with students with and without SEN. Data regarding 360 students in Year 3, Year 5 and Year 7 (169 students with SEN) were collected. Teachers (n = 74) reported on the student–teacher relationship and students’ social skills, behaviour problems and academic performance. Special education teachers (n = 38) provided information regarding the diagnosis and profile of functioning of students with SEN. Results showed that teachers’ reports of students’ social skills and externalising problems were the strongest predictors of closeness and conflict. Internalising problems and SEN status also predicted decreased closeness, despite smaller effects. Taken together, findings support the importance of professional development opportunities focusing on facilitating teachers’ relationships with students with perceived challenging behaviour.
- Understanding Complaints in the Emergency DepartmentPublication . Abidova, Alina; Silva, Pedro Alcântara da; Moreira, SérgioThe aim of this research is to identify the main determinants of patients’ complaints and potential mediators and moderators in this regard. This research shows that complaints can result from a complex set of processes involving direct, mediating, and moderating effects. Interventions aimed at reducing patients’ complaints should consider specific patient groups and experiences.
- Memory illusions and category malleability: False recognition for goal-derived reorganizations of common categoriesPublication . Ferreira, Mário B.; C. Soro, Jerônimo; Carneiro, Paula; Moreira, SérgioFour studies explore semantic memory intrusions for goal-derived subcategories (e.g., “sports good for backache”) embedded in taxonomic categories (e.g., “sports”). Study 1 presented hybrid lists (composed of typical items from both representations: taxonomic categories and subcategories) together with names of subcategories, names of taxonomic categories, or with no names. Subcategory names produced levels of false recognitions for critical lures from subcategories comparable with critical lures from taxonomic categories. Study 2 presented lists of exemplars either from taxonomic categories or subcategories (between participants). Lists of subcategories paired with their names produced higher levels of false recognition for subcategories lures compared with taxonomic lures. Study 3 replicated this result and showed that even though distinctiveness of taxonomic lures in a subcategory context (i.e., subcategory list with a subcategory name) may facilitate rejection of these lures, subcategory lures were still more falsely recognized than were taxonomic lures when retrieval monitoring was hindered through speeded recognition. Study 4 replicated the results with lists in which production frequency was better controlled and with a larger sample allowing for increased power of the test. Although confirming the critical role of preexistent categorical structures in the generation of false memories, results show that false memories for goal-derived subcategories can occur with the same frequency as false memories stemming from better established taxonomic categories. Such results broaden the scope of occurrence of false memories to goal-derived semantic organizations, which are often closer to categorizations used in real-world environments.
- Predictors of Burnout Among Physicians: Evidence From a National Study in PortugalPublication . Marques-Pinto, Alexandra; Moreira, Sérgio; Costa-Lopes, Rui; Zózimo, Nídia; Vala, JorgeThe aims of this research on burnout among physicians were threefold, (1) to characterize the burnout symptoms’ prevalence among Portuguese physicians, (2) to test the hypothesis that organizational demands and resources add, on top of other factors, to the explanatory level of burnout; and (3) to explore the predictors of organizational demands and resources. Data collection was conducted online at the national level in Portugal, with 9,176 complete replies and a response rate of 21%. Predictors stemming from theoretical models of an intra-individual, occupational, organizational, and socio-psychological nature were measured using an online/paper survey. Results were analyzed through a significantly modified version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) after transformations to address the fit of this measure in this sample. Results show that 66% of physicians have high levels of emotional exhaustion, 33% high levels of depersonalization, and 39% high levels of decrease of personal accomplishment. Moreover, a first set of hierarchical multiple regression models with burnout symptoms reveals that organizational resources, demands of the relationship with the patients and of work schedule are consistently important predictors of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on top of other theoretically relevant predictors. A second set of regression models with the organizational-level variables shows that, aside from organizational variables, other context variables, like procedural justice and teamwork, have the most substantial predictive value. These results highlight the importance of recognizing physicians’ burnout as a phenomenon that is predicted by a wide variety of factors, but also the importance of attending to the particular role of circumstancial factors that may be addressed in future interventions.