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- The varieties of imagination: between cognitive spontaneity and mental disorderPublication . Jesus, PauloEarly Modern philosophy has devoted a special attention to the reproductive and productive cognitive operations fulfilled by imagination. For the two prominent philosophical currents, Rationalism and Empiricism, here represented by N. Malebranche (1638-1715) and David Hume (1711-1776), imagination constitutes first and foremost a mental activity that produces logical falsehood and moral misery. Against this backdrop, Kant’s proposal of a transcendental synthesis performed by productive imagination provokes a significant rehabilitation of the cognitive effectiveness of imagination. Indeed, this transcendental a priori power of synthesis testifies to the entanglement of imagination with understanding, in the sense that the productive synthesis of imagination accomplishes the determination of the inner sense by the understanding. By contrast, the aesthetic, poietic or inventive dimension of imagination as facultas fingendi opens up the realm of genius, beyond the intellectual discipline and productivity of transcendental imagination. Also, imagination can lose in diverse modes and degrees its connection with lawfulness, and thereby gives rise to various mental disorders. Therefore, Kant carefully distinguishes different modes of imaginative productive actions whose intellectual ordering provides the conditions of possibility of science and art.
- On becoming a person and creating the kingdom of ends: evolution and revolution towards freedomPublication . Jesus, PauloThe essence and nature of humanity has been defined through a system of comparations and differentiations in which animality and divinity function as modes of qualitative otherness that clarify human’s self-understanding. The identification of simultaneous continuity and discontinuity produces a sense of partial entanglement and ontological overlap between the three modes of being. This cultural background of anthropology remains to a certain extent significantly influential throughout the Western philosophical canon, between Plato and Kant. It hence follows that a formally rigorous and definitive grasping of the essence of the human being seems to be jeopardised. Instead of an accurately real or essential definition, anthropology seems to develop ‘expositions’ and ‘descriptions’ of humanity, although with axiological and normative dimensions. The theoretical question of the essence yields its logical prominence to the rather practical question of existence, as proper existence, the human art of living well, i.e., the human art of full self-actualisation. Thus, Kant’s anthropology constitutes also a renewed Enlightened version of the ethics and politics of cura sui or self-determination.
- Verbos que imitam sons : notas sobre as vozes dos animaisPublication . Castro, Tomás N.Tanto na filosofia da linguagem, como no ensino de uma língua (o português) a estrangeiros, há um tópico que emerge frequentemente e cuja descrição padece de dificuldades assinaláveis: trata-se da problemática relação entre a linguagem e a expressão de coisas que se encontram no mundo, designadamente a representação de sons produzidos por fenómenos naturais e, sobretudo, pelos animais. “Vozes dos animais” é, aliás, a expressão que, a partir do poema homónimo de Pedro Dinis (coligido por Monteverde e Antero de Quental, entre outros), se tornará na classificação de um conjunto de verbos que designam os sons que se supõe serem emitidos pelos animais. Importa, ainda, lembrar que, enquanto congéneres das onomatopeias, habitualmente estes vocábulos não se encontram lexicalizados. Partindo do poema supracitado e de alguns trabalhos clássicos sobre o tópico, estas notas pretendem oferecer um panorama dos estudos sobre este mesmo problema.
- Philosophy of Landscape : Think, Walk, ActPublication . Serrão, Adriana Veríssimo; Reker, Moirika
- Arte e FilosofiaPublication . Silva, Fernando M. F.; Marques, Ubirajara Rancan de AzevedoA presente obra reúne os frutos de um evento intitulado IV Simpósio Diálogos: Arte e Filosofia, organizado pelo Prof. Dr. Ubirajara Rancan de Azevedo Marques, Professor de Filosofia na Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Marília, Brasil. O evento decorreu nessa mesma Faculdade, nos dias 26‑28 de Setembro de 2018. Nele participaram dezasseis autores portugueses, brasileiros e alemães, estudiosos cujos magníficos contributos resultaram em três dias de fértil diálogo e discussão em torno do tema proposto, agora reunidos sob a forma deste volume.
- Doutrinas não-escritasPublication . Mesquita, António PedroNo conjunto de controvérsias que dividiram a exegese platónica dos últimos cinquenta a cem anos, como a chamada ‘questão socrática’, o problema da unidade ou evolução do pensamento platónico ou o da cronologia dos diálogos, aquela que ainda hoje se afigura como mais fracturante é seguramente a das ‘doutrinas não-escritas’. O motivo principal da pertinácia historicamente demonstrada por esta controvérsia deve-se ao facto de existir no interior dos comentadores de Platão uma corrente, minoritária, mas influente – a chamada ‘escola de Tübingen’ ou ‘de Tübingen-Milão’, onde se destacam Hans-Joachim Krämer, Konrad Gaiser e, mais recentemente, Thomas Szlezak e Giovani Reale –, para quem a verdadeira filosofia platónica corresponde à das suas ‘doutrinas não-escritas’, por oposição àquelas escritas nas suas obras publicadas, os diálogos. No presente texto, gostaria de contribuir para uma reavaliação desta controvérsia e, em especial da posição nela assumida pela escola de Tübingen, na perspectiva de determinar qual o valor que deve ser respectivamente atribuído aos diálogos platónicos e às reconstituições modernas das alegadas doutrinas não-escritas de Platão como modo de acesso privilegiado à filosofia do Mestre Ateniense.
- Relations in AristotlePublication . Mesquita, António Pedro
- Aristotle on PredicationPublication . Mesquita, António PedroPredication is a complex entity in Aristotelian thought. The aim of the present essay is to account for this complexity, making explicit the diverse forms it assumes. To this end, we turn to a crucial chapter of the Posterior Analytics (1 22), where, in the most com- plete and developed manner within the corpus, Aristotle proceeds to systematize this topic. From the analysis, it will become apparent that predication can assume, generically, five forms: 1) the predication of essence (τὸ αὐτῷ εἶναι κατηγορεῖσθαι), that is of the genus and the specific difference; 2) essential predication (τό ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖσθαι), that is either of the genus or of the differences (or their genera); 3) the predication of accidents per se and 4) simple accidents (ὡς συμβεβηκότα κατηγορεῖσθαι); 5) accidental predication (κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς κατηγορεῖσθαι). However, only types 2–4 are forms of strict predication (ἁπλῶς). In effect, the “pre- dication” of essence is not a genuine predication, but a formula for identity, constituting, technically, the statement of the essence of the subject (or its definition). On the other hand, accidental “predication” can only be conceived of as such equivocally, since it results from a linguistic accident through which the ontological subject of the attribution suffers a displacement to the syntactic position of the predicate, which is not, by nature, its own. In neither case does the attribution bring about any legitimate predication. The study concludes with a discussion of Aristotle’s thesis according to which no subs- tance can be a predicate, which is implied by its notion of accidental predication, a thesis which has been – and in our opinion wrongly so – challenged in modern times.
- Deontología y práctica clínica en Aristóteles, desde su tiempo hasta nuestros díasPublication . Mesquita, António Pedro
- Significado e Cognição: o Legado de FregePublication . Branquinho, João