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- Uma apreciação geral aos investimentos portugueses no BrasilPublication . Silva, Joaquim RamosRealizado em Setembro de 2005, o questionário do ICEP Portugal – Delegação em São Paulo, aos investimentos portugueses no Brasil é mais um passo em frente no conhecimento deste poderoso processo bilateral (que, aliás, tem correspondência no número crescente de empresas brasileiras que investem em Portugal), particularmente desde há dez anos, envolvendo centenas de empresas e cerca de vinte milhares de milhões de dólares de investimento bruto. Como não podia deixar de ser, atendendo a que se trata de um movimento recente, os resultados de 2005 põem em evidência novos aspectos da presença de empresas portuguesas no Brasil. Neste sentido, quero começar por destacar que, segundo dados do BCB - Banco Central do Brasil, utilizados como base do Directório de Empresas pelo ICEP-São Paulo, é agora possível identificar 666 empresas brasileiras com capitais portugueses, número claramente acima do que tinha sido detectado em pesquisas e estimativas anteriores (nomeadamente em 2001 e 2003)2 . Outro facto que importa sublinhar, desde logo, é que os investimentos portugueses no Brasil são responsáveis em 2005, segundo a última estimativa do ICEP - São Paulo, por 110 mil empregos directos no Brasil, satisfazendo assim um dos objectivos mais importantes que as autoridades locais esperam do investimento estrangeiro.
- Assessing long-term fiscal developments: A new approachPublication . Afonso, António; Agnello, Luca; Furceri, Davide; Sousa, Ricardo M.We use a new approach to assess long-term fiscal developments. By analyzing the time-varying behaviour of the two components of government spendingandrevenue–responsivenessandpersistence–, a feature not captured by automatic stabilisers, we are able to infer about the sources of fiscal deterioration (improvement). Drawing on quarterly data, we estimate recursively these components within a system of government revenue and spending equations using a Three-Stage Least Squaremethod for eight EuropeanUnion countries plus the US. The results suggest that significant changes in the fiscal stance (including those related to the current crisis) are reflected in the estimates of persistence and responsiveness.
- Assessment and challenges of industrial policies in PortugalPublication . Godinho, Manuel Mira; Mamede, Ricardo Paes; Simões, Vítor CoradoLike most developed countries, the Portuguese economy was severely hit by the international crisis of 2008-2009, with GDP at constant prices dropping 2,9% in 2009 and unemployment increasing by 2,1 percentage points (p.p.) in the same year, affecting 10,6% of the workforce. As a combined result of the decrease in tax revenues, the rise in social transfers and, to a lesser extent, the countercyclical measures adopted by the government, gross public debt increased by 12 p.p., reaching 84% of the GDP in 2009. As we have discussed in this chapter, Portugal urgently needs to enhance the competitive performance of its economy it the world markets, in order to reduce its external imbalances and improve the prospects for a sustainable improvement of living conditions. Such goal can hardly be achieved without upgrading the specialization profile of the economy, towards more sophisticated, tradable products. While some of the ‘structural reforms’ implemented under the adjustment program agreed in 2011 with the troika of international creditors (the IMF, the ECB, and European Commission) may have a role in improving the cost-competitiveness of the 17 country, this is probably insufficient – or even counter-productive – for inducing the necessary changes. Clearly put, Portugal should not dismiss the role of policies which specifically aim at enhancing productivity through structural change.
- Best regional practices for digital transformation in industry: The case of the industry 4.0 program in PortugalPublication . Santa Rita, Luciana Peixoto; Silva, Joaquim Ramos; Junior, Reynaldo Rubem FerreiraThe Portuguese government, through its program for Industry 4.0, Portugal I4.0, has been supporting projects aimed at the digital transformation of the economy by mobilizing European funds and governmental subsidies from the Portugal 2020 Program. The objective of this study is to analyze the best regional practices for digital transformation in the industry 4.0 in this context. The following research questions arise: which are the best practices for digital transformation in Portugal under this Program and what was the impact on the competitiveness of Portuguese industries after the implementation of these technologies through the Incentive Value from 2017 to 2019? The methodological approach is correlational, and it establishes a relationship between the I4.0 Incentive Value and Competitiveness in order to identify the best regional practices for digital trans-formation in the Portuguese industry. The hypothesis of this study is accepted for the period 2017–2019, since the factors that make up the industry 4.0—European Fund—Incentive Value dimension are associated to the degree of competitive-ness, which was measured by a set of related variables. Further studies are necessary for longer periods and with a broader scope, the result shows the relevance of the Program
- Better databases for economic modelling : constructing SAMs from the SNAPublication . Santos, SusanaGreater importance will be given to the SAM as a consistent and flexible database for economic modelling, underlining how it can support disaggregated economy-wide modelling. A proposal will be made for its construction from the SNA 93, in an ESA 95 framework.
- Biocombustíveis nos Estados Unidos em contexto de mudançaPublication . Silva, Joaquim RamosA primeira década do século XXI pôs claramente em causa o modelo energético que vinha a ser seguido desde o primeiro choque petrolífero (1973). Com efeito, até ao limiar dos anos 1970, dado o seu baixo custo relativo, que aliás, ao contrário de outras commodities, se tinha mantido constante a partir de 1950 (Radetzki, 2008: 67), o petróleo foi crescentemente relegando para um lugar secundário as outras fontes tradicionais de energia (carvão, origem hídrica, etc.), e a sua posição dominante neste mercado reforçou‐ se pelos interditos e incertezas envolvendo em particular o recurso ao nuclear. Posteriormente, os períodos alternados de alto e baixo preço do petróleo não ajudaram à definição de uma nova política energética (que levasse ao aumento e diversidade de produtos alternativos e a questionar a predominância do petróleo), mais ainda se considerarmos os custos elevados deste processo de ajustamento e os interesses estabelecidos (peso da indústria automóvel e suas ramificações noutros sectores, por exemplo). Não obs‐ tante a poupança de energia que entretanto foi possível obter em muitos casos, os ténues programas de incentivo à substituição esboçados por alguns governos nos vários períodos de alta (do petróleo) eram rapidamente esquecidos quando a situação se invertia. Apesar da importância determinante da energia no processo económico, nomeadamente numa lógica de preço, na perspectiva estratégica, as entidades políticas mostravam‐se no entanto mais propensas, de uma forma geral, a assumir outro tipo de objectivos como as políticas de competitividade, reformas estruturais envolvendo os aparelhos produtivos, etc., deixando o sector energético sem alterações palpáveis. Por outro lado, mesmo as preocupações crescen‐ tes em torno da mudança climática, no essencial, ligada ao modelo energético seguido, revelaram‐se in‐ capazes de dar sinais seguros de acabar com esta inércia, ou até mesmo de vir a fazê‐lo no curto médio/prazo, tal como ficou aliás demonstrado nas diversas cimeiras que se realizaram desde o começo da década de noventa, do Rio (1992) a Copenhaga (2009) passando por Quioto (1997) e Joanesburgo (2002). Neste capítulo analisamos a forma com tem evoluído a política de biocombustíveis nos EUA, colocando‐a num contexto mais geral do modelo energético adoptado, bem como expusemos a sua substância e as suas hipóteses de mudança. Começámos por mostrar como na primeira década dos anos 2000, à escala mundial, emergiram condições mais favoráveis à alteração do modelo energético geral prevalecente desde os anos 1970, ainda muito baseado em recurso não renováveis, em particular combustíveis fósseis, concomitantemente, destacámos as novas oportunidades criadas para os biocombustíveis, dentro de uma lógica da sua utilização moderna, isto é, com recurso a tecnologia avançada. Este desiderato teria, no entanto, que obedecer a dois requisitos: não só ver viável economicamente como ainda contribuir para, pelo menos, atenuar a mudança climática.
- Business incubators as a technological infrastructure for supporting small innovative firms’ activitiesPublication . Vedovello, C.; Godinho, Manuel MiraIn recent years, the subject of technological infrastructures has commanded increasing interest from several socio-economic and political segments, including policy-makers, development agents, entrepreneurs, academic and research communities. The focus of industrial and innovation policies has been gradually shifting away from the exclusive or dominant use of direct instruments of support to other more indirect forms of assistance. In order to improve the competitive environment of firms, huge amounts of money have been pouring into the building and reinforcing of technological infrastructures. Among the infrastructures that have been stimulated, business incubators seem to be a possible policy tool aiming at the constant increment of firms’ competitiveness and economic development, through the promotion of technology-based entrepreneurship, diversification of productive activities and the generation and diffusion of innovation in the economy. Incubators have been implemented all over the world, putting together several social actors and their different sets of purposes and objectives. As a consequence, they have also generated a high level of political and economic expectations in relation to their performance. This paper aims to contextualise and systematise the available information and knowledge on incubators as a technological infrastructure and policy tool, providing background information for the whole set of papers of this Special Issue of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management on ‘Business incubators and SMEs: policy and determinants for their success’.
- China in Angola: just a passion for oil?Publication . Ferreira, Manuel EnnesThis chapter seeks to provide a multi-layered analysis of Chinese-Angolan relations and the role of China in Angola today. The first section outlines the principal characteristics of bilateral economic relations with a focus on external trade, foreign direct investment and the proliferation of public works made possible by the opening of Chinese credit lines. Over the past three years, this emphasis on public works has turned Angola into a veritable building site with the potential to transform the infrastructure that is indispensable for national development. While mostly concerned with a description of the Chinese presence, this section places it within the context of Angolan politics and brings out the domestic implications of what is defined as a ‘perfect marriage’ of convenience for Angolan elites and Chinese investors alike. The second section raises important questions regarding the long-term nature of Angolan-Chinese relations. Through examination of the likely economic, political and social developments in Angola, future challenges concerning the reception and consolidation of a Chinese presence in the country are discussed.
- "Comment on Gabriel Felbermayr and Wilhelm Kohler "Publication . Silva, Joaquim RamosThe present paper is a very substantial enhancement of the earlier version . It is more focused on the central point, using theoretical representative cases , for example, of the levels of skillied labor (high, medium, and low) or of small and large economies. In spite of the theoretical emphasis, empirical foundations and historical trends have not been forgotten. In addition, an effort has been made to link the theoretical approach to immigration to the major theorems of international economics, particularly those concerning trade and specialization as they relate to factors (specific-factors theory of the Ricardo-Viner type versus the Heckscher-Ohlin model). Indeed, even if we could accept that we are dealing with a phenomenon that is rather different from trade, the in-depth study of immigration requires that it must be compared with other international flows in a comprehensive way. Other improvements could also be mentioned here but the paper has mainly gained in clarity and precision , and I am sure it will be a useful instrument for researchers
- Do individual factors matter? : A survey of scientists’ patenting in Portuguese public research organisationsPublication . Moutinho, Paula S. F.; Fontes, Margarida; Godinho, Manuel MiraThis paper addresses scientists’ behaviour regarding the patenting of knowledge produced in universities and other public sector research organisations (PSROs). Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in patenting and licensing activities by PSROs. We argue that the whole process depends to a certain extent on scientists’ willingness to disclose their inventions. Given this assumption, we conduct research into individual behaviour in order to understand scientists’ views concerning the patenting of their research results. Data from a questionnaire survey of Portuguese researchers from nine PSROs in life sciences and biotechnology is presented and analysed and complemented with in-depth interviews. The results reveal that overall the scientists surveyed show a low propensity to become involved in patenting and licensing activities, despite the fact that the majority had no “ethical” objections to the disclosure of their inventions and the commercial exploitation of these. Perceptions about the impacts of these activities on certain fundamental aspects of knowledge production and dissemination are however divergent. This may account for the low participation levels. Furthermore, most scientists perceived the personal benefits deriving from this type of activity to be low. Similarly, the majority also believed that there are many difficulties associated with the patenting process and that they receive limited support from their organisations, which lack the proper competences and structures to assist with patenting and licensing.