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- O Envelhecimento na Sociedade Portuguesa: Pensões, Família e CuidadosPublication . Cabral, Manuel Villaverde; Ferreira, Pedro Moura; Moreira, Amílcar
- O Envelhecimento ativo em Portugal através do Active Ageing Index e do AgeWatch IndexPublication . Ferreira, Pedro Moura; Moreira, Amílcar; Botelho Azevedo, Alda; Manso, LuisEste relatório dá conta da posição de Portugal em dois índices internacionais do envelhecimento ativo - o Active Ageing Index (AAI) e o AgeWatch Index (AWI) -, avaliando ainda a sua utilidade para a monitorização das políticas públicas. Estes índices revelam que Portugal está abaixo da média europeia no que respeita ao envelhecimento ativo. Há, naturalmente, aspetos em que está melhor e outros em que está pior. Pela positiva, destaca-se sobretudo a esfera económica em sentido lato, tendo-se registado uma pontuação satisfatória no que respeita à participação no mercado de trabalho ou à proteção do rendimento das pessoas idosas. Pela negativa, sobressai a fraca qualificação escolar, a limitada vida independente e a reduzida participação social. Apesar de a modesta posição portuguesa nos índices e dos acréscimos registados na pontuação serem inferiores à média europeia, o país fez progressos ao longo dos últimos anos, ainda que esses acréscimos sejam inferiores aos verificados no conjunto dos países europeus. As contribuições positivas provêm dos aspetos estruturais, ou seja, Portugal melhorou o ambiente favorável ao envelhecimento ativo. Inversamente, os aspetos que mais penalizam a pontuação portuguesa estão relacionados com a esfera do emprego à qual está associada a conjuntura recessiva dos últimos anos. Com a inversão da situação económica é expectável que o país apresente melhorias significativas no próximo exercício dos índices do envelhecimento ativo. Os progressos registados não são, no entanto, equitativos em termos de género. A evolução do índice (apenas o AAI é usado) ao longo do período analisado (entre 2010 e 2014) mostra que, de modo geral, os homens saem mais beneficiados do que as mulheres. Numa comparação mais alargada, a análise da posição portuguesa nas diferentes dimensões que compõem os índices mostra que o país tem mais semelhanças com países como a França, a Bélgica ou a Espanha, e menos com outros países periféricos com os quais, em outros casos, surge mais associado. Ainda que a pontuação obtida nos índices seja pouco satisfatória, o perfil das dimensões do envelhecimento aproxima-se ao de sociedades economicamente mais desenvolvidas. O relatório considera que os índices proporcionam uma base comparativa entre países e oferecem uma perspetiva longitudinal que permite medir os progressos realizados no âmbito do envelhecimento ativo. Neste sentido, seria recomendável que os índices e as suas dimensões fossem contemplados na elaboração programática das políticas públicas, facultando assim aos decisores políticos um instrumento de monitorização e avaliação capaz de orientar a sua execução ao longo do tempo. O relatório salienta ainda a importância de se contemplarem outros indicadores de envelhecimento ativo, designadamente os de âmbito local, pelo que recomenda o desenvolvimento de uma bateria mais alargada de indicadores de modo a monitorizar o impacto das ações e dos programas em curso a nível do município e, se e quando possível, da freguesia.
- Activation or Workfare? Governance and neo-liberal convergencePublication . Moreira, Amílcar; Lodemel, Ivar
- Predictors of religious participation of older Europeans in good and poor healthPublication . Sowa, Agnieszka; Golinowska, Stanisława; Deeg, Dorly; Principi, Andrea; Casanova, Georgia; Schulmann, Katherine; Ilinca, Stephania; Rodrigues, Ricardo; Moreira, Amílcar; Gelenkamp, HenrikeReligious attendance is an important element of activity for older Europeans, especially in more traditional countries. The aim of the analysis is to explore whether it could be an element contributing to active ageing as well as to assess differences between the religious activity of older individuals with and without multimorbidity defined as an occurrence of two or more illnesses. The analysis is conducted based on the SHARE database (2010-2011) covering 57,391 individuals 50+ from 16 European countries. Logistic regressions are calculated to assess predictors of religious activity. Results point that religious activity often occurs in multimorbidity what could be driven by the need for comfort and compensation from religion. It is also significantly correlated with other types of social activities: volunteering or learning, even among the population with multimorbidity. There is a positive relation between religious activity and age, although its effect is weaker in the case of multimorbidity, as well as being female. Mobility limitations are found to decrease religious participation in both morbidity groups and might be related to discontinuation of religious practices in older age. The economic situation of older individuals is an insignificant factor for religious attendance. Religious attendance can be an element of active ageing, but also a compensation and adaptation to disadvantages occurring in older age and multimorbidity. At the same time, religious activities are often provided at the community level and targeted to population in poorer health.
- In the eye of the storm…again! Social policy responses to COVID19 in Southern EuropePublication . Moreira, Amílcar; Léon, Margarita; Coda Moscarola, Flavia; Roumpakis, AntoniosThis paper aims to describe and discuss the significance of the social policy measures implemented in Southern European countries—Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain—in response to the first wave of COVID-19. Our analysis covers interventions from 1 March to June 30, 2020. Despite significant differences in how the COVID-19 pandemic spread—with Italy and Spain experiencing much higher rates of infection and lethality—Southern European economies are among the most hard-hit—and are likely to find themselves in the eye of the storm, once more. The paper shows that despite differences in how countries have countered the spread of COVID-19, there are important commonalities in the actions governments took to counteract the economic impact of the pandemic. Foremost efforts were directed at wage subsidy schemes to contain mass job destruction, additional temporary benefits to compensate self-employed and other non-standard workers for the loss of earnings; the expansion of unemployment insurance; and finally, the introduction and/or strengthening of schemes to provide support to families with care responsibilities. The scale of the social policy and employment protection response has nevertheless been constrained by the fiscal position of each individual country in the post-Euro crisis context. We argue that, in the long run, the response capacity of these governments and the social and economic consequences of this crisis will need to be contextualised against the backdrop of the deep and prolonged impact of austerity-driven measures on public budgets, production and welfare regimes over the last decade.
- Introdução. Envelhecimento na Sociedade Portuguesa. Pensões, Família e CuidadosPublication . Ferreira, Pedro Moura; Cabral, Manuel Villaverde; Moreira, Amílcar
- Promoting the Participation of Seniors in Policy-MakingPublication . Falanga, Roberto; Moreira, Amílcar
- Predictors of social leisure activities in older Europeans with and without multimorbidityPublication . Galenkamp, Henrike; Gagliardi, Cristina; Principi, Andrea; Golinowska, Stanislawa; Moreira, Amílcar; Schmidt, Andrea E.; Winkelmann, Juliane; Sowa, Agnieszka; van der Pas, Suzan; Deeg, Dorly J. H.Older people spend much time participating in leisure activities, such as taking part in organized activities and going out, but the extent of participation may differ according to both individual and environmental resources available. Chronic health problems become more prevalent at higher ages and likely necessitate tapping different resources to maintain social participation. This paper compares predictors of participation in social leisure activities between older people with and those without multimorbidity. The European Project on Osteoarthritis (EPOSA) was conducted in Germany, UK, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden (N = 2942, mean age 74.2 (5.2)). Multivariate regression was used to predict social leisure participation and degree of participation in people with and without multimorbidity. Fewer older people with multimorbidity participated in social leisure activities (90.6 %), compared to those without multimorbidity (93.9 %). The frequency of participation was also lower compared to people without multimorbidity. Higher socioeconomic status, widowhood, a larger network of friends, volunteering, transportation possibilities and having fewer depressive symptoms were important for (the degree of) social leisure participation. Statistically significant differences between the multimorbidity groups were observed for volunteering and driving a car, which were more important predictors of participation in those with multimorbidity. In contrast, self-reported income appeared more important for those without multimorbidity, compared to those who had multimorbidity. Policies focusing on social (network of friends), physical (physical performance) and psychological factors (depressive symptoms) and on transportation possibilities are recommended to enable all older people to participate in social leisure activities.
- Governing activation in the 21st century: a (hi)story of changePublication . Moreira, Amílcar; Lodemel, Ivar
- Reducing Early Retirement in Europe: Do Working Conditions Matter?Publication . Moreira, Amílcar; Botelho Azevedo, Alda; Manso, LuisThe paper argues that the existing literature, based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data, on how working conditions impact on early retirement preferences/plans is hampered by the fact that the approach adopted to capture individuals’ early retirement plans fails to acknowledge that these preferences/plans are defined by reference to the rules that regulate the entitlement to pension benefits. In doing so, these studies risk overestimating the impact of working conditions on early retirement plans. We put forward a more accurate way of capturing individuals’ early retirement preferences/plans, which consists in using information on the age at which respondents plan to start collecting the basic pension benefits, and then computing whether the respondent plans to retire before the official age of retirement in his country of residence. Using SHARE microdata, wave 4, we show that individuals exposed to an imbalance between effort and rewards at work (Siegriest Journal Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 27–41,1996 ) are more likely to plan to take-up early retirement. We also show that the effect of poor working conditions is smaller than one would find using the previous approach to the measurement of early retirement preferences/plans.