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- Materialist and post-materialist concerns and the wish for a strong leader in 27 countriesPublication . Lima, Marcus E. O.; de França, Dalila X.; Jetten, Jolanda; Pereira, Cícero R.; Wohl, Michael J. A.; Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga; Hong, Ying-yi; Torres, Ana Raquel; Costa-Lopes, Rui; Ariyanto, Amarina; Autin, Frédérique; Ayub, Nadia; Badea, Constantina; Besta, Tomasz; Butera, Fabrizio; Fantini-Hauwel, Carole; Finchilescu, Gillian; Gaertner, Lowell; Gollwitzer, Mario; Gómez, Ángel; González, Roberto; Jensen, Dorthe Høj; Karasawa, Minoru; Kessler, Thomas; Klein, Olivier; Megevand, Laura; Morton, Thomas; Paladino, Maria Paola; Polya, Tibor; Renvik, Tuuli Anna; Ruza, Aleksejs; Shahrazad, Wan; Shama, Sushama; Smith, Heather J.; Teymoori, Ali; van der Bles, Anne MartheThere is evidence that democracies are under threat around the world while the quest for strong leaders is increasing. Although the causes of these developments are complex and multifaceted, here we focus on one factor: the extent to which citizens express materialist and post-materialist concerns. We explore whether objective higher levels of democracy are differentially associated with materialist and post-materialist concerns and, in turn, whether this is related to the wish for a strong leader. Testing this hypothesis across 27 countries (N = 5,741) demonstrated a direct negative effect of democracies’ development on the wish for a strong leader. Further, multi-level mediation analysis showed that the relation between the Democracy Index and the wish for a strong leader was mediated by materialist concerns. This pattern of results suggests that lower levels of democracy are associated with enhanced concerns about basic needs and this is linked to greater support for strong leaders.
- Regaining In-Group Continuity in Times of Anxiety About the Group’s Future. A Study on the Role of Collective Nostalgia Across 27 CountriesPublication . Smeekes, Anouk; Jetten, Jolanda; Verkuyten, Maykel; et al.; Costa-Lopes, RuiCollective nostalgia for the good old days of the country thrives across the world. However, little is known about the social psychological dynamics of this collective emotion across cultures. We predicted that collective nostalgia is triggered by collective angst as it helps people to restore a sense of in-group continuity via stronger in-group belonging and out-group rejection (in the form of opposition to immigrants). Based on a sample (N = 5,956) of individuals across 27 countries, the general pattern of results revealed that collective angst predicts collective nostalgia, which subsequently relates to stronger feelings of in-group continuity via in-group belonging (but not via out-group rejection). Collective nostalgia generally predicted opposition to immigrants, but this was subsequently not related to in-group continuity.
- Social Dominance Orientation Boosts Collective Action Among Low-Status GroupsPublication . Carvalho, Catarina L.; Pinto, Isabel R.; Costa-Lopes, Rui; Paez, Dario; Miranda, Mariana P.; Marques, José M.We propose that low-status group members' support for group-based hierarchy and inequality (i.e., social dominance orientation; SDO) may represent an ideological strategy to guarantee the legitimacy of future ingroup status-enhancement. Specifically, we argue that, under unstable social structure conditions, SDO serves as an ideological justification for collective action tendencies aimed at competing for a higher status. In such context, SDO should be positively related with actions aimed to favor the ingroup (i.e., collective actions) by increasing group members' motivation to engage in direct competition with a relevant higher-status outgroup. We conducted two studies under highly competitive and unstable social structure contexts using real life groups. In Study 1 (N = 77), we induced Low vs. High Ingroup (University) Status and in Study 2 (N = 220) we used competing sports groups. Overall, results showed that, among members of low-status groups, SDO consistently increased individuals' motivation to get involved in actions favoring the ingroup, by boosting their motivation to compete with the opposing high-status outgroup. We discuss the results in light of the social dominance and collective action framework.
- A Construção Social das Diferenças nas Relações entre Grupos SociaisPublication . Costa-Lopes, Rui; Vala, Jorge; Pereira, Cícero Roberto; Aguiar, Patrícia
- Atitudes e recurso a meios coercivos: contributos da psicologia socialPublication . Costa-Lopes, Rui
- Support for group-based inequality among members of low-status groups as an ingroup status-enhancement strategyPublication . Carvalho, Catarina L.; Pinto, Isabel R.; Costa-Lopes, Rui; Paez, Dario; Marques, José M.We discuss the idea that competition-based motives boost low-status group members’ support for group-based hierarchy and inequality. Specifically, the more low-status group members feel motivated to compete with a relevant high-status outgroup, based on the belief that existing status positions may be reversed, the more they will defend status differentials (i.e., high social dominance orientation; SDO). Using minimal groups (N = 113), we manipulated ingroup (low vs. high) status, and primed unstable status positions to all participants. As expected, we found that SDO positively mediates the relation between ingroup identification and collective action, when ingroup’s status is perceived to be low and status positions are perceived as highly unstable. We discuss the implications of considering situational and contextual factors to better understand individuals’ support for group-based hierarchies and inequality, and the advantages of considering ideological processes in predicting collective action.
- Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content: How societies mind the gapPublication . Durante, Federica; Fiske, Susan T.; Kervyn, Nicolas; Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Akande, Adebowale Debo; Adetoun, Bolanle E.; Adewuyi, Modupe F.; Tserere, Magdeline M.; Ramiah, Ananthi Al; Mastor, Khairul Anwar; Barlow, Fiona Kate; Bonn, Gregory; Tafarodi, Romin W.; Bosak, Janine; Cairns, Ed; Doherty, Claire; Capozza, Dora; Chandran, Anjana; Chryssochoou, Xenia; Iatridis, Tilemachos; Contreras, Juan Manuel; Costa-Lopes, Rui; González, Roberto; Lewis, Janet I.; Tushabe, Gerald; Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Mayorga, Renée; Rouhana, Nadim N.; Castro, Vanessa Smith; Perez, Rolando; Rodríguez-Bailón, Rosa; Moya, Miguel; Morales Marente, Elena; Palacios Gálvez, Marisol; Sibley, Chris G.; Asbrock, Frank; Storari, Chiara C.Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model (SCM) argues that ambivalence-perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both-may help maintain socio-economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-competence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality (Gini index). More unequal societies report more ambivalent stereotypes, whereas more equal ones dislike competitive groups and do not necessarily respect them as competent. Unequal societies may need ambivalence for system stability: Income inequality compensates groups with partially positive social images.
- ‘We will show our strength!’: the independentists’ support for group-based hierarchy to guarantee and legitimate ingroup status-enhancement (‘¡Mostraremos nuestra fuerza!’: el apoyo de los independentistas a la jerarquía basada en el grupo para garantizar y legitimar la mejora del estatus del endogrupo)Publication . Carvalho, Catarina L.; Pinto, Isabel R.; Paez, Dario; Costa-Lopes, Rui; Marques, José M.We propose that support for group-based hierarchy among members of low-status or subordinate groups may be boosted by beliefs in future ingroup high status. Specifically, the more individuals believe their group may hold a higher status, the more they support hierarchical intergroup relations (i.e., high social dominance orientation; SDO), by boosting ingroup favouritism. In turn, SDO should be positively associated with collective action tendencies by increasing social competition intentions. Using samples from Catalonia (N = 152) and the Basque Country (N = 262), results showed that independence supporters’ beliefs in future ingroup status enhancement reinforced participants’ SDO, through nationalist sentiments (i. e., ingroup bias) but not through patriotism in the Catalan sample, and directly in the Basque sample. In turn, SDO increased collective actions towards independence by reinforcing individuals’ motivation to compete with the opponent dominant outgroup (Madrid region), especially in the Catalan sample. We discuss the implications of considering situational and contextual factors to better understand individuals’ support for group-based hierarchies and inequality
- COVID-19 and social distancing: a cross-cultural study of interpersonal distance preferences and touch behaviors before and during the pandemicPublication . Croy, Ilona; Heller, Carina; Akello, Grace; Anjum, Afifa; Atama, Chiemezie; Avsec, Andreja; Bizumic, Boris; Borges Rodrigues, Ricardo; Boussena, Mahmoud; Butovskaya, Marina; Can, Seda; Cetinkaya, Hakan; Contreras-Garduño, Jorge; Costa-Lopes, Rui; Czub, Marcin; Demuthova, Slavka; Dronova, Daria; Dural, Seda; Eya, Oliver Ifeanyi; Fatma, Mokadem; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Guemaz, Farida; Hromatko, Ivana; Kafetsios, Konstantinos; Kavčič, Tina; Khilji, Imran; Kruk, Magdalena; Lazăr, Cătălin; Lindholm, Torun; Londero-Santos, Amanda; Monaghan, Conal; Shahid, Anam; Musil, Bojan; Natividade, Jean Carlos; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Oleszkiewicz, Anna; Onyishi, Ike E.; Onyishi, Charity; Pagani, Ariela F.; Parise, Miriam; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Plohl, Nejc; Popa, Camelia; Prokop, Pavol; Rizwan, Muhammad; Sainz, Mario; Sargautytė, Rūta; Sharad, Shivantika; Valentova, Jaroslava; Varella, Marco; Yakhlef, Belkacem; Yoo, Gyesook; Zager Kocjan, Gaja; Zupančič, Maja; Sorokowska, AgnieszkaThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to the introduction of unprecedented safety measures, one of them being physical distancing recommendations. Here, we assessed whether the pandemic has led to long-term effects on two important physical distancing aspects, namely interpersonal distance preferences and interpersonal touch behaviors. We analyzed nearly 14,000 individual cases from two large, cross-cultural surveys – the first conducted 2 years prior to the pandemic and the second during a relatively stable period of a decreased infection rate in May-June 2021. Preferred interpersonal distances increased by 54% globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. This increase was observable across all types of relationships, all countries, and was more pronounced in individuals with higher self-reported vulnerability to diseases. Unexpectedly, participants reported a higher incidence of interpersonal touch behaviors during than before the pandemic. We discuss our results in the context of prosocial and self-protection motivations that potentially promote different social behaviors.
- Youth attitudes toward difference and diversity: a cross-national analysisPublication . Vala, Jorge; Costa-Lopes, RuiThis paper analyses youth attitudes toward difference and cultural diversity. Firstly, we analyse data from 65 countries showing that youths are more tolerant than older people toward both stigmatised groups and groups perceived as racially or ethnically different. Findings also show that political conservatism is a very stable predictor of intolerance to difference. Secondly, we study the appraisals of cultural diversity in 21 European countries, showing that youths express greater openness to cultural diversity than older people. In this new study, while values of conservation correlate negatively with openness to cultural diversity, values of self-transcendence correlate positively.