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  • Early career researchers open‐up on citations in respect to reputation, trust, ethics, AI and much more
    Publication . Nicholas, David; Abrizah, Abdullah; Clark, David; Rodríguez‐Bravo, Blanca; Revez, Jorge, 1980-; Herman, Eti; Świgoń, Marzena; Xu, Jie; Watkinson, Anthony
    This paper, part of the Harbingers project studying early career researchers (ECRs), focuses on the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on scholarly communications (https://ciber-research.com/harbingers-3/index.html). It investigates citations and citing, its purpose, function and use, especially in respect to reputation, trust, publishing and AI. We also cover journal impact factors, H-index, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. All of this, regarding a research community, to whom citations have special reputational and career-advancing value. This interview-based study covers a convenience sample of 91 ECRs from all disciplines and half a dozen countries. Furthermore, this study has been conducted with minimal prompting about citations, so providing a fresh feel by using the voices of ECRs wherever possible. Findings include: (1) citations are all-pervasive, although cropping up mostly in the reputational and trust arenas; (2) citations remain a major force in determining what is read, where to publish and what to trust; (3) there are no signs their value is diminishing; if anything, the opposite is true; (4) AI has given a boost to their use—primarily as a validity check; (5) there are strong signs that altmetrics are being taken up. Note, this was a preliminary study working with a convenience sample attempting to inform a future study. Our findings should therefore be treated more as early observations.
  • Integrity and misconduct, where does artificial intelligence lead?
    Publication . Nicholas, David; Herman, Eti; Clark, David; Abrizah, Abdullah; Revez, Jorge, 1980-; Rodríguez‐Bravo, Blanca; Świgoń, Marzena; Xu, Jie; Watkinson, Anthony
    This paper, part of the third stage of the Harbingers project studying early career researchers (ECRs), focuses on the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on scholarly communications. It concentrates on research integrity and misconduct, a ‘hot’ topic among the publishing community, in no small part due to the rise of AI. The interview-based study, supported by an extensive literature review, covers a convenience sample of 91 ECRs from all disciplines and half a dozen countries. It provides a new and fresh take on the subject, using the ‘voices’ of ECRs to describe their views and practices regarding integrity and misconduct. We show that ECRs are clearly aware of research misconduct and questionable practice with three-quarters saying so. A big indictment of the scholarly system, but, not surprising given a rising number of retractions and questionable journals. The main blame for this is levelled at the haste with which researchers publish and the volume of papers produced. ECRs also feel that things are likely to get worse with the advent of AI. They believe that they are aware of the problems and how to avoid the pitfalls but suspect that things are approaching a cliff-edge, which can only be avoided with strong policies and an overhaul of the reputational system.
  • Where will AI take scholarly communication? Voices from the research frontline
    Publication . Nicholas, David; Rodríguez-Bravo, Blanca; Abrizah, Abdullah; Revez, Jorge, 1980-; Herman, Eti; Clark, David; Swigon, Marzena; Xu, Jie; Watkinson, Anthony
    Early career researchers (ECRs) are in an ideal position to soothsay. Yet, much of what we know about the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) comes from vested interest groups, such as publishers, tech companies and industry leaders, which are strong on hyperbole, are superficial and, at best, narrow surveys. This paper seeks to redress this by providing deep empirical data from researchers, allowing us to hear researchers' views and ‘voices’. The data comes from a project, which focuses on the impact of AI on scholarly communications. From this study, we report on the perceived transformations to the scholarly communications system by AI and other forces. We were especially interested in discovering what future ECRs foresaw for the established pillars of the system—journals and libraries. The interview-based study covers a convenience sample of 91 ECRs from all disciplines and half a dozen countries. The main findings being that while the large majority thought there would be a transformation there was no consensus as to what a transformation would look like, but there was agreement on it being one shaped by AI. The future appears rosy for journals, but less so for libraries and, importantly, for most ECRs, too.
  • Early career researchers on all aspects of peer review: a deep dive into the data
    Publication . Nicholas, David; Rodríguez‐Bravo, Blanca; Abrizah, Abdullah; Herman, Eti; Revez, Jorge, 1980-; Świgoń, Marzena; Clark, David; Xu, Jie; Watkinson, Anthony
    The Harbingers study of early career researchers (ECRs) and their work life and scholarly communications began by studying generational—Millennial—change (H‐1), then moved to pandemic change (H‐2) and is now investigating another change agent—artificial intelligence (AI). This paper from the study constitutes a deep dive into the peer review attitudes and practices of 91 international ECRs from all disciplines. Depth interviews were the main means by which data was collected, and questions covered ECRs as reviewers, authors and readers, and are described in their own words. Main findings are: (1) ECRs proved to be a highly experienced in peer review; (2) There is more trust in peer review than distrust in it, but there are concerns; (3) Peer review is something that arts and humanities ECRs are unfamiliar with or much concerned about; (4) A sizeable majority of ECRs thought peer review could be improved, with anonymity/double‐blind reviewing topping the list; (5) The majority view was that AI will have an impact on peer review and that it would be beneficial; (6) little has changed since the last Harbingers study, except for AI, which is seen to be transformative. We believe that few studies have drilled down so deeply and widely in respect to ECRs.
  • Infâmia ou martírio: o adultério feminino em Ana Plácido e Camilo Castelo Branco
    Publication . Ganhão, Mónica
    Em meados do século XIX, Ana Plácido e Camilo Castelo Branco tinham-se tornado o casal adúltero mais conhecido de Portugal. Camilo era igualmente famoso pela sua produção novelística, mas Plácido, embora também fosse escritora, era considerada “apenas” a amante adúltera de um grande romancista. Contudo, ambos escreveram prolificamente acerca do adultério, do amor e da mulher. Neste artigo, procuraremos analisar as diferenças entre as obras de ambos os escritores quanto à construção e interpretação do adultério e do comportamento sexual e social feminino. Partimos da convicção de que o género sexual tem uma influência relevante sobre a perspectiva social de um/a autor/a e de que o Romantismo português só ficará completo quando as vozes femininas que para ele contribuíram forem ouvidas. Procuraremos, acima de tudo, dar visibilidade à esquecida obra de Ana Plácido.
  • Traces of Ayurveda in Garcia de Orta's treatise (Portuguese India of 16th century): an essay
    Publication . Meira, Paulo
    This essay explores the traces of Ayurveda in Garcia de Orta’s 16th century medical treatise, Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India, which was published in Portuguese India. The essay categorizes the references to Ayurveda into general testimonials, concepts and diseases, and terminology. By examining Orta’s work, the study provides valuable insights into the cross-cultural exchange of medical knowledge between European and Indian traditions during the early modern period. This research sheds light on how Orta engaged with Indian medical practices and the significant role Ayurveda played in shaping his understanding of medicine in the tropics.
  • Science archives: a literature review and international projects
    Publication . Silva, Carlos Guardado da; Seca, Matilde
    The connection between 'archives' and 'science' is not immediately apparent, but scientists experience this relationship in a particular way. However, this link materializes in ‘science archives’, which began gaining importance as scientific activity took on a more prominent role in society, particularly over the last four decades. This research aims to establish the context between 'archives' and 'science', which gave rise to ‘science archives’, define this type of archive, understand what kind of records they preserve, and, finally, present some of the projects and initiatives surrounding this type of collection. To achieve this, a narrative literature review was conducted, developing qualitative research based on documentary investigation. The results reveal three main types of archives: archives of scientific institutions (laboratories and academies), personal archives of scientists (not considered here), and archives of science management institutions.
  • Um modelo de metadados para a autenticidade das descrições arquivísticas digitais
    Publication . Pacheco, André; Silva, Carlos Guardado da; Freitas, Maria Cristina Vieira de
    O advento do paradigma informacional abalou muitos dos princípios da teoria e da prática arquivística. Um dos tópicos mais prementes prende-se com perceber até que ponto a informação digital pode ser confiável. Os recursos digitais são representados por metadados, e a confiança baseia-se na demonstração da sua autenticidade. Uma vez que os elementos tradicionais de verificação da autenticidade de documentos analógicos não se adequam ao mundo digital, o campo enfrenta um desafio. O uso abundante e pertinente de metadados capturados frequentemente parece ser uma das soluções mais relevantes. Este artigo pretende contribuir para a resolução deste problema propondo um modelo que tenta incluir os elementos de metadados mais relevantes para a captura da informação que pode ajudar a inferir a autenticidade das descrições arquivísticas digitais. O modelo é baseado numa revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a descrição arquivística, bem como no mapeamento e na comparação extensivos de normas relevantes de estruturas de dados, usando uma metodologia de métodos mistos. A técnica qualitativa de investigação documental foi usada para recolher, analisar e interpretar um corpus de literatura científica. De forma complementar, a técnica quantitativa de engenharia de requisitos foi empregue para a extração dos requisitos de metadados das normas internacionais que possam apoiar na presunção da autenticidade. Ambas as abordagens foram posteriormente combinadas através de uma análise crítica num único modelo unificado para a autenticidade que se considera ser tão completo como necessário, mas tão simples quanto possível. O modelo pode ser utilizado por organizações ou como um contributo para a discussão da autenticidade e da confiabilidade nas descrições arquivísticas digitais
  • Achilles as an ambivalent hero in Late Antique latin poetry
    Publication . Dominik, William J.
    An analysis of the role of Achilles in late antique Latin poetry illustrates that he is viewed both as a positive role model and as a negative exemplum or an inferior foil. Both the positive and unfavorable aspects of Achilles’ characterization are linked to the aspirations of the Roman elite and the values emphasized by both pagan and Christian Latin poets.