DCS - Capítulos/Artigos em Livros Internacionais / Chapters in International Works
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- Population growth, composition and educational levelsPublication . Branco, Amélia; Collantes, FernandoThis chapter presents the evolution of the main demographic variables: population growth and its sources, occupational structure, territorial distribution, and educational levels. Each of these four variables are taken separately to provide a long-run, quantitative description and an analysis based on bibliography. The overall image resulting from overlaps and interactions between the variables suggests three distinct “structural periods”. The first period, which covers most of the nineteenth century, featured remarkably stable structures. In contrast, the second period, from around 1890 to 1980, was an era of major transformations, such as the demographic transition, de-agrarianization, urbanization and mass literacy. After 1980 a third period is found in which demographic change has shifted to a different path involving low population growth, tertiarization, new trends in population geography, and longer schooling periods. The new challenges associated with this last period call for active public policies.
- From backward to modern: the adoption of technology by the pulp industry in Portugal, 1891–2015Publication . Branco, Amélia; Amélia, PedroIn 2015, Portugal was the third largest European producer of pulp with 7.3% of total output. National production of virgin wood pulp stood at 2,662,000 tons of which 45% was exported to over two dozen countries. Portuguese imports of paper-grade pulp stood at 129,000 tons, a level that makes the country a net exporter of paper-grade pulp. The largest Portuguese pulp producer, Navigator, is also a global producer of uncoated, wood-free printing and writing paper. This picture totally contrasts with that prevailing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. At that time, there was only one plant in operation that produced chemical pulp, whose output was sold almost entirely to export markets. In 1911 the production capacity of this plant was 3,500 tons and in 1930 it was only slightly above that level (4,343 tons). The main raw material of the Portuguese paper industry was rags and the plants were technologically backward, although some companies had already adopted continuous paper machines. The wood pulp consumed by these paper units was covered by imports, making Portugal a net importer of pulp. All this changed by the mid-twentieth century. At that time, the wood pulp industry in Portugal grew dramatically because it was considered a strategic sector under the state development policy. This factor gave birth to the first plant that processed eucalyptus to produce sulphate pulp, and the enterprise was oriented toward export markets.
- El Plan de Repoblación Forestal (1938-1968): una medida del Estado Novo por evaluarPublication . Branco, AméliaEste artículo tiene por objeto analizar una de las más conocidas medidas de política forestal acometidas por el Estado Novo: el Plano de Povoamento Florestal (PPF). En 1938, el Estado Novo aprueba la ley de Povoamento Florestal (Ley n.º 1971, de 15 de junio) que dio origen al Plan en 1940. Con un período de ejecución de 30 años y comprendiendo un área situada en los baldíos al norte del Tajo, el PPF surge en el contexto de un conjunto de políticas económicas sectoriales cuyo objetivo era el de fomentar el crecimiento económico. Esto pasaba por un programa de industrialización que permitiese garantizar la autarquía económica a través de la sustitución de importaciones. En dicho contexto, correspondería al sector agrícola asegurar el suministro de materias primas a la industria y al sector forestal en particular, suministrar madera a la industria celulósica.
- Manufacture and trade of cork products: an international perspectivePublication . Zapata, Santiago; Parejo, Francisco M.Do the changes in the cork industry and trade in recent decades favor the preservation of cork oak trees? There is no clear answer to this question. Some facts seem to be in favor and others against preservation. Among the latter are the decrease in size of the cork business and its foreign trade and the reduction in the number of supplying and demanding countries for cork products. Likewise, the reduction in productive diversification and the need for stopper specialization do not favor preservation. These changes are converting cork into a monoproduct industry whose vulnerability increases as competition from stoppers made with other materials increases. These factors probably have contributed to the stagnation or decrease in the area of cork oak woodlands and the amount of raw cork production in the last fifty years (Mendes 2002; Voth 2009). Among the factors that favor preservation, manufacturers’ bold efforts to improve quality and defend the advantages of cork products must be highlighted. But this endeavor should be echoed by woodland owners, something that has rarely happened. Yet the involvement of raw cork producers is indispensable for the cork business, whose macroeconomic importance has declined drastically, to become widely acknowledged as a sustainable economic activity. Such involvement would reinforce the position of cork in the market against complementary or substitute products
- Inovação, redes sociais e marca: A influência da Fórmula 1 e a decisão de compra entre duas montadoras de automóveis no BrasilPublication . Sardinha, Idalina Dias; Carolino, J.; Mendes, I. I.; Matos, Pedro VergaCom o crescimento da indústria automobilística e a venda, no mundo todo, de várias marcas e modelos, as grandes empresas se mobilizam na aquisição de conhecimento e tecnologia para inovar, criar novos mercados e desenvolver produtos e serviços. Nesse contexto, pode-se relacionar o campeonato de corrida de Fórmula 1 à luta por competitividade das montadoras e fabricantes de automóveis. O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a relação entre inovação, redes e marca, em um contexto influenciado pela Fórmula 1 (equipes Scuderia Ferrari e Renault), com a decisão de compra de consumidores de automóveis no Brasil (Fiat e Renault). Foi realizada pesquisa descritiva, de natureza quantitativa. Enviou-se, por e-mail e redes sociais, questionário estruturado, para verificar as hipóteses: H0_1: Existe um efeito positivo da Inovação sobre a Decisão de Compra; H0_2: Existe um efeito positivo da Rede sobre a Decisão de Compra, e; H0_3: Existe um efeito positivo da Marca sobre a Decisão de Compra. O tratamento de dados contou com análise fatorial exploratória e análise de modelagem estrutural exploratória, utilizando o software R. A amostra por acessibilidade contou com 260 questionários validados que confirmaram as hipóteses quanto à inovação e a marca sobre a influência na decisão de compra dos consumidores. De forma contrária, constatou-se que não ocorreu influência significativa das redes na decisão de compra, não confirmando esta hipótese. A partir desses resultados, novos estudos podem incluir outros fatores de influência da decisão de compra e analisar o uso do modelo criado em outros setores.
- Causes and effects of foreign direct investment in South AsiaPublication . Tomaz Dentinho, Tomaz Dentinho; Silva, Joaquim RamosThe objective of the chapter is to better understand the economic and institutional factors that mould the evolution of FDI in South Asia. It is shown that FDI in South Asia is very low compared to what is seen in other parts of the world and that the effects on economic growth are limited and decreasing in the last 25 years. It is possible that this poor growth is related to the poor performance of India—which is the main economic heavyweight in the region—and/or to the conflicts that continuously occur in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, impeding the development of institutional frameworks and attracting FDI either to military activities, as seems to be the case in Afghanistan, or FDI to recover from military conflicts, as appears to happen in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal. Most importantly, institutions and institutional change play a major role not only in the amount of FDI but also on its nature; and it is the quality of FDI that influences economic growth, not its quantity that can be associated only with destruction and reconstruction associated with conflicts.