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Do crime de responsabilidade educacional das autoridades competentes (Ministro da Educação, Secretário Estadual da Educação e Prefeito) e o dever estatal de assegurar o atendimento em creche e pré-escola às crianças de zero a 5 (cinco) anos de idade : análise do RE 1.008.166 do STF com tema de repercussão geral
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A educação básica, em todas as suas fases – educação infantil, ensino fundamental e ensino médio – considerada como direito fundamental, é um dos pilares dos direitos fundamentais capaz de proporcionar ao indivíduo uma existência digna, para que assim possar criar condições como a de se proteger do arbítrio do poder estatal e gozar de condições mínimas de vida e de desenvolvimento humano. Apesar da sua importância, foi somente na Constituição Federal de 1988 que a educação foi inserida no rol de direitos considerados sociais e fundamentais, até por conta da sua essencialidade. Todavia, somente em setembro de 2022, no Recurso Extraordinário (RE) 1008166, que o STF fixou Tese de Repercussão Geral de que a educação básica é um direito fundamental, além de garantir o dever constitucional do Estado de assegurar vagas em creches e na pré-escola às crianças de até 5 anos de idade, decidindo ainda que esse direito é de aplicação direta e imediata, sem que haja a necessidade de regulamentação pelo Congresso Nacional. Não obstante a importância da decisão, isso apenas demonstra que a proteção jurídica à educação básica ainda é incipiente no Brasil, ainda mais se considerar as implicações legais que as autoridades públicas responsáveis pela implantação desse ensino tendem a suportar. A bem da verdade, inexiste de fato uma responsabilização, sequer política, que faça com que essas autoridades sejam compelidas a implantarem o ensino básico, em todas as suas fases, mormente em relação às creches, a todas as crianças que delas necessitam. Quando muito, é imposta a aplicação de multa, com todos os obstáculos existentes quanto à sua cobrança e execução. O objetivo do presente trabalho é justamente esse, oferecer mais uma ferramenta jurídica a ser imposta às autoridades públicas responsáveis pela implantação do ensino básico, que seria o crime de responsabilidade educacional. O entendimento quanto à possibilidade de sua aplicação no presente trabalho não é somente de forma teórica, como também foi feito na prática em ação movida quando o autor esteve como representante da Defensoria Pública da União. O enfoque da imputação do crime de responsabilidade, porém, foi mais direcionado ao Ministro da Educação, até pelo fato de que a União Federal tem o dever de financiar a educação básica quando não for possível fazê-lo pelos Municípios e Estados.
Basic education, in all its phases – early childhood education, primary education, and secondary education – considered a fundamental right, is one of the pillars of fundamental rights capable of providing the individual with a dignified existence so that they can create conditions whose primary objective would be to protect oneself from the discretion of state power and enjoy minimum living conditions and personal development. Despite its importance, it was only in the Federal Constitution of 1988 that education was included in the list of rights considered social and fundamental, due to its essentiality. However, it was only in September 2022, in Extraordinary Appeal (RE) 1008166, that the STF established a General Repercussion Thesis that basic education is a fundamental right, in addition to guaranteeing the State's constitutional duty to ensure places in daycare centers and pre-school -school for children up to 5 years of age, also deciding that this right is directly and immediately applicable, without the need for regulation by the National Congress. This only reveals that legal protection for basic education is still incipient in Brazil, even more so if we consider the legal implications that the public authorities responsible for implementing this education tend to bear. In fact, there is no accountability, not even political, that would make these authorities compelled to implement basic education, in all its phases, especially in relation to daycare centers, to all children who need them. At most, a fine is imposed, with all the obstacles that exist when collecting and executing it. The objective of this work is precisely this, to offer yet another legal tool to be imposed on public authorities responsible for implementing basic education, which would be a crime of educational responsibility. The understanding regarding the possibility of its application in the present work is not only theoretical but was also made in practice in an action filed as a representative of the Federal Public Defender's Office. The focus on imputing the crime of responsibility, however, was more directed at the Minister of Education, especially due to the fact that the Federal Union has the duty to finance basic education when it is not possible to do so by Municipalities and States.
Basic education, in all its phases – early childhood education, primary education, and secondary education – considered a fundamental right, is one of the pillars of fundamental rights capable of providing the individual with a dignified existence so that they can create conditions whose primary objective would be to protect oneself from the discretion of state power and enjoy minimum living conditions and personal development. Despite its importance, it was only in the Federal Constitution of 1988 that education was included in the list of rights considered social and fundamental, due to its essentiality. However, it was only in September 2022, in Extraordinary Appeal (RE) 1008166, that the STF established a General Repercussion Thesis that basic education is a fundamental right, in addition to guaranteeing the State's constitutional duty to ensure places in daycare centers and pre-school -school for children up to 5 years of age, also deciding that this right is directly and immediately applicable, without the need for regulation by the National Congress. This only reveals that legal protection for basic education is still incipient in Brazil, even more so if we consider the legal implications that the public authorities responsible for implementing this education tend to bear. In fact, there is no accountability, not even political, that would make these authorities compelled to implement basic education, in all its phases, especially in relation to daycare centers, to all children who need them. At most, a fine is imposed, with all the obstacles that exist when collecting and executing it. The objective of this work is precisely this, to offer yet another legal tool to be imposed on public authorities responsible for implementing basic education, which would be a crime of educational responsibility. The understanding regarding the possibility of its application in the present work is not only theoretical but was also made in practice in an action filed as a representative of the Federal Public Defender's Office. The focus on imputing the crime of responsibility, however, was more directed at the Minister of Education, especially due to the fact that the Federal Union has the duty to finance basic education when it is not possible to do so by Municipalities and States.
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Direitos fundamentais Educação básica Educação infantil Responsabilidade da escola Crime de responsabilidade Teses de mestrado - 2025 Fundamental Rights Basic education Child education Educational responsibility Responsibility crime