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A urbanidade das áreas costeiras : O lugar arquitectónico na paisagem : Contributo para uma interpretação integrada da ocupação urbana do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa
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Abstract(s)
Em Portugal, a ocupação urbana do litoral resultou inicialmente de uma urbanidade através da qual as comunidades locais exploravam os recursos naturais advindos do mar de forma integrada com os da terra, sem pôr em risco o normal funcionamento biofísico dos ecossistemas que os suportavam. Contudo, devido à estabilidade sociopolítica e prosperidade económica verificadas a partir do século XIX e a introdução de mecanismos de produção mecanizada e consequente aumento do ritmo de exploração dos recursos naturais a partir do século XX, levaram a que esses ecossistemas perdessem a capacidade intrínseca para responder, de forma sustentável, às necessidades socioeconómicas dessas comunidades.
Por esta razão, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, grande parte das áreas costeiras portuguesas começaram a ser classificadas do ponto de vista da natureza e da biodiversidade com o intuito de salvaguardar a conservação dos seus ecossistemas naturais. Todavia, contrariamente ao pretendido, os instrumentos de gestão territorial em vigor não têm sido eficazes para garantir tal conservação, devido à ausência de uma abordagem transversal às questões ecológicas e culturais da paisagem em que estão inseridos.
No sentido de contribuir para a resolução deste problema, propôs-se na presente investigação adoptar uma abordagem de interpretação da ocupação do litoral português tendo em conta uma designada (dupla) condição de paisagem, simultaneamente referente à sua condição ecológica – relacionada com a capacidade intrínseca que os ecossistemas naturais, ao nível do seu funcionamento biofísico, têm para responder, de forma sustentável, às referidas necessidades socioeconómicas; e à sua condição cultural – determinada pela capacidade que as comunidades locais têm para reconhecer as fragilidades e potencialidades de funcionamento desses ecossistemas. Neste contexto, a Arquitectura foi considerada como testemunha e parte integrante dessa dupla condição de paisagem, na medida em esta resulta e ao mesmo tempo dá a resultar o lugar arquitectónico na paisagem.
Com base no estudo do lugar arquitectónico da paisagem da Ria Formosa (localizada na Costa do Sotavento Algarvio e gerida como Parque Natural [PNRF] desde 1987) e considerando paisagem como um sistema de subsistemas, desenvolveu-se um Sistema de Interpretação Integrada da Paisagem (SIIP) pelo qual foi possível analisar as relações de interdependência estabelecidas entre o seu subsistema biofísico e o seu subsistema cultural (constituintes da referida dupla condição), sintetizados num único sistema litoral (correspondente a 69% da área do PNRF). Tendo em conta as diferentes tipologias de edificado costeiro aí presentes (num total de 184 elementos costeiros), foi possível propor um conjunto de tipologias de ocupação costeira (ao nível de infraestruturas, práticas e sistemas de protecção), de acordo com a referida (dupla) condição de paisagem.
Por fim, foi enumerado um conjunto de procedimentos metodológicos para que o referido SIIP possa ser aplicado a outros casos de estudo com idênticas características às do PNRF; assim como um conjunto de visões estratégicas (relacionadas com as questões de património, território e governança) que contribuam para a gestão integrada das áreas costeiras portuguesas; e ainda um conjunto de premissas que contribuam para a prática e conceptualização de uma “Arquitectura da Paisagem” que vá ao encontro das medidas específicas estipuladas pela actual Política Nacional de Arquitectura e Paisagem (PNAP).
In Portugal, the urban occupation of the coast initially resulted from an urbanity through which local communities exploited the sea resources in an integrated way with those from the land, without jeopardizeng the normal biophysical functioning of the ecosystems that supported them. However, due to the socio-political stability and economic prosperity verified from the 19th century onwards and the introduction of mechanized production mechanisms (and the consequent increase in the pace of natural resources’ exploitation) occurred since 20th century, these ecosystems loss the intrinsic capacity to respond sustainably to those communities’ socioeconomic needs. For this reason, since the second half of the 20th century, most of the Portuguese coastline began to be classified from the point of view of nature and biodiversity in order to safeguard its ecosystems’ conservation. However, contrary to what was intended, the current territorial management tools haven’t been effective in guaranteeing such conservation, due to the absence of an approach that is transversal to their landscape’s ecological and cultural issues. In order to contribute to this problem’s resolution, the present investigation proposed an interpretive approach of the Portuguese coastline’s urban occupation, taking into account a so-called (dual) landscape condition, simultaneously referring to its ecological condition – related to the natural ecosystems’ intrinsic capacity to respond sustainably to the aforementioned socioeconomic needs, in terms of their biophysical functioning; and to its cultural condition – determined by the local communities’ capacity to recognize these ecosystems’ weaknesses and potentialities. In this context, Architecture was considered as a witness and an integral part of this dual landscape condition, as it results from and, concurrently, is a result of the architectural place in the landscape. Based on the study of the architectural place of Ria Formosa’s landscape (located on Algarve’s Eastern Coast and managed as a Natural Park [PNRF] since 1987), and considering landscape as a system of subsystems, we developed a Landscape Integrated Interpretation System (SIIP) through which it was possible to analyze the interdependence relationships established between its biophysical and cultural subsystems (constituents of the aforementioned dual condition), synthesized in a single coastal system (corresponding to 69% of the PNRF area). Taking into account the different coastal building types present in Ria Formosa (in a total of 184 coastal elements), it was possible to propose a set of coastal occupation types (in terms of infrastructures, practices, and protection systems), in accordance with its (dual) landscape condition. Finally, we listed a set of methodological procedures so that the aforementioned SIIP can be applied to other case studies with identical characteristics to those of the PNRF; as well as a set of strategic visions (related to issues of heritage, territory, and governance) that contribute to the integrated management of Portuguese coastal areas; and also a set of assumptions that contribute to the practice and conceptualization of an “Architecture of the Landscape” that meets the specific measures stipulated by the current National Policy on Architecture and Landscape (PNAP).
In Portugal, the urban occupation of the coast initially resulted from an urbanity through which local communities exploited the sea resources in an integrated way with those from the land, without jeopardizeng the normal biophysical functioning of the ecosystems that supported them. However, due to the socio-political stability and economic prosperity verified from the 19th century onwards and the introduction of mechanized production mechanisms (and the consequent increase in the pace of natural resources’ exploitation) occurred since 20th century, these ecosystems loss the intrinsic capacity to respond sustainably to those communities’ socioeconomic needs. For this reason, since the second half of the 20th century, most of the Portuguese coastline began to be classified from the point of view of nature and biodiversity in order to safeguard its ecosystems’ conservation. However, contrary to what was intended, the current territorial management tools haven’t been effective in guaranteeing such conservation, due to the absence of an approach that is transversal to their landscape’s ecological and cultural issues. In order to contribute to this problem’s resolution, the present investigation proposed an interpretive approach of the Portuguese coastline’s urban occupation, taking into account a so-called (dual) landscape condition, simultaneously referring to its ecological condition – related to the natural ecosystems’ intrinsic capacity to respond sustainably to the aforementioned socioeconomic needs, in terms of their biophysical functioning; and to its cultural condition – determined by the local communities’ capacity to recognize these ecosystems’ weaknesses and potentialities. In this context, Architecture was considered as a witness and an integral part of this dual landscape condition, as it results from and, concurrently, is a result of the architectural place in the landscape. Based on the study of the architectural place of Ria Formosa’s landscape (located on Algarve’s Eastern Coast and managed as a Natural Park [PNRF] since 1987), and considering landscape as a system of subsystems, we developed a Landscape Integrated Interpretation System (SIIP) through which it was possible to analyze the interdependence relationships established between its biophysical and cultural subsystems (constituents of the aforementioned dual condition), synthesized in a single coastal system (corresponding to 69% of the PNRF area). Taking into account the different coastal building types present in Ria Formosa (in a total of 184 coastal elements), it was possible to propose a set of coastal occupation types (in terms of infrastructures, practices, and protection systems), in accordance with its (dual) landscape condition. Finally, we listed a set of methodological procedures so that the aforementioned SIIP can be applied to other case studies with identical characteristics to those of the PNRF; as well as a set of strategic visions (related to issues of heritage, territory, and governance) that contribute to the integrated management of Portuguese coastal areas; and also a set of assumptions that contribute to the practice and conceptualization of an “Architecture of the Landscape” that meets the specific measures stipulated by the current National Policy on Architecture and Landscape (PNAP).
Description
Tese de doutoramento, Arquitetura (Teoria e História), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2023
Keywords
Arquitectura da Paisagem Condição de Paisagem Lugar Arquitectónico Sistema de Interpretação Integrada Sistema Litoral Parque Natural da Ria Formosa Architecture of the Landscape Coastal System Coastal Occupation Landscape Interpretation System Ria Formosa Natural Park
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Ribeiro, Ricardo Jorge de Almeida Dias - A urbanidade das áreas costeiras: O lugar arquitectónico na paisagem: Contributo para uma interpretação integrada da ocupação urbana do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa. – Lisboa : FA, 2023. Tese de doutoramento.
Publisher
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura