Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2023-02"
Now showing 1 - 10 of 297
Results Per Page
Sort Options
- Reflexos do ativismo judicial no estado democrático de direito brasileiro e as possibilidades jurídicas e políticas de sua contençãoPublication . Reis, Wanderlei José dos; Novais, Jorge ReisA presente dissertação de doutoramento se propõe a enfrentar um dos temas que mais geram polêmica hodiernamente no que tange à estrutura do Estado, o ativismo judicial. O estudo se desenvolve nomeadamente no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), sem prejuízo da verificação no direito comparado, com ênfase nos Estados Unidos da América – berço da expressão –, país onde foram analisadas várias Cortes, sobretudo a Corte Warren (ativismo progressista) e a Corte Rehnquist (ativismo conservador). Analisa-se a relação da jurisdição constitucional com a democracia, bem como as principais teorias jusfilosóficas que gravitam em torno deste embate teórico. A investigação considera os reflexos da Carta Republicana de 1988, que fortaleceu a figura do Poder Judiciário, em especial do STF, no contexto político, conferindo maiores poderes aos juízes constitucionais no arranjo institucional (ascensão institucional), e, ao mesmo tempo, fomentou o aumento da judicialização. Verifica-se se houve e quais são os fundamentos da mudança paradigmática da autolimitação ao ativismo judicial do STF e sua proeminência em temas controvertidos, discussões políticas ou morais, a gerar, ao menos no campo teórico e acadêmico, um quadro de preocupação com os limites ao exercício da jurisdição constitucional, dada a usurpação de funções constitucionais e a violação ao postulado da separação de poderes. No âmbito da judicialização da política e a atuação expansiva do STF, averígua-se a legitimidade do Tribunal no equacionamento de questões políticas, sejam políticas públicas promotoras de direitos fundamentais ou mesmo de “política pura”, em função das implicações do princípio constitucional da inafastabilidade da tutela jurisdicional e vedação ao non liquet (art. 5º, inciso XXXV, CF), fixando-se quais seriam os limites e possibilidades da atuação da Corte no contexto brasileiro. Examinam-se os principais estudos quanto à divisão dos poderes e sua ligação com a releitura da teoria da separação dos poderes na atualidade e com o ativismo judicial. Investiga-se o ativismo judicial num caráter interdisciplinar, no plano histórico, político e institucional, traçando suas principais causas e apontando à comunidade científica caminhos, meios ou posturas para controlar o ativismo do STF e harmonizar as relações interinstitucionais. Analisa-se a crise da democracia brasileira e seus reflexos no protagonismo do STF, formula-se, de forma inovadora, classificação – com critérios distintivos – do ativismo judicial do STF em moderado e imoderado e defende-se a adoção de medidas práticas como solução mais factível ao estabelecimento de mecanismos de controle institucional do seu ativismo judicial.
- Da admissibilidade em Processo Penal de meios de prova obtidos por particularesPublication . Brito Neves, António; Palma, Maria Fernanda
- A proveniência de sílex e a mobilidade no Calcolítico da Estremadura : uma abordagem geológica e petroarqueológicaPublication . Jordão, Patrícia; Pimentel, Nuno Lamas de Almeida; Kunst, Michael Ernst TheodorOs estudos geoarqueológicos de proveniência de rochas são uma ferramenta importante para estabelecer modelos de território e mobilidade humana, em particular na caracterização da complexidade das “culturas de recursos” (Bartelheim & Bueno Ramírez 2017) no Calcolítico, há 5000 BP. Nesta dissertação pretendeu-se determinar as áreas-fonte, as estratégias e as modalidades de aquisição de sílex com o objectivo de propor modelos de território na Estremadura. Para fundamentar a definição dos territórios de aprovisionamento em sílex foi estudada uma amostra dos artefactos de pedra lascada de povoados da bacia do Sizandro (Torres Vedras) – Zambujal e Fórnea – e também de outros sítios da Estremadura - São Mamede (Bombarral) e Vila Nova de São Pedro (Azambuja). Definiu-se um protocolo petroarqueológico de caracterização aplicado a materiais geológicos de deposição primária e secundária, e a materiais arqueológicos, com base nas cadeias operatórias identificadas em cada sítio. A amostra do Zambujal foi caracterizada através da análise de microfácies siliciosas, com incidência no conteúdo micropaleontológico e mineralógico (com recurso a Difracção de Raio-X e Estextroscopia de Micro-Raman). Após identificação de tipos de sílex arqueológico foi proposta correlação genética e gitológica com o referencial geológico estudado. Nas amostras dos outros sítios arqueológicos foi efectuado estudo petrográfico não destrutivo (macro- e mesoscópico). No referencial geológico de sílex mesocenozoico foram registadas variações laterais de fácies no Cenomaniano dos Sectores Norte e Central da Bacia Lusitânica e no Paleogénico, entre os silcretos da região de Torres Vedras e Alenquer, e de Rio Maior. Também foram registadas as principais alterações pós-genéticas do sílex do Paleogénico e do Cenomaniano, em deposição secundária nos terraços quaternários do Sizandro. Através da análise petroarqueológica, com graus de detalhe particulares, foi possível estabelecer diferentes modelos de território de abastecimento directo, condicionados, por um lado, pela distância e variedade de recursos da área-fonte e, por outro lado, pelas relações socioculturais das comunidades do Calcolítico.
- GUIA PRÁTICO DE BIOLOGIA CELULARPublication . Figueiredo, Ana Cristina; Barroso, José Manuel; Pedro, Luís
- Using and Creating Microclimates for Cork Oak Adaptation to Climate ChangePublication . Vizinho, André; Príncipe, Adriana; Vasconcelos, Ana Cátia; Sampaio e rebelo, Rui; Branquinho, Cristina; Penha-Lopes, GilIn Mediterranean climate regions, climate change is increasing aridity and contributing to the mortality rate of Quercus suber, reducing the success of reforestation efforts. Using and creating microclimates is a recommended climate adaptation strategy that needs research. Our hypothesis is that planting Q. suber in north-facing slopes and water lines results in a higher survival rate than those that are planted in ridges and south-facing slopes. Secondly, our hypothesis is that existing shrubs (in this case, Cistus ladanifer) can be used to create microclimatic sheltering and increase the survival of Q. suber plantations. In experiment 1, we tested the survival of Q. suber plantations in four different topographic conditions. For that, 80 Q. suber plants were planted over four different topographic conditions, where soil probes were installed to monitor soil moisture and temperature. Two years after, the results show an increased survival rate in the north-facing slope and water line when compared to the ridge area (p = 0.032). In experiment 2, we tested if planting in the shade of rows of C. ladanifer increases the survival rate of Q. suber plantations. For that, 1200 Q. suber plants were planted; 600 in a Montado open area with no shade and 600 under the shade of rows of C. ladanifer shrubs. A total of 17 months after plantation, there was a significantly higher survival rate of the shaded plants (p = 0.027). We conclude that microclimates created by topography and shrubs can have a significant impact on the survival of Q. suber plantations and discuss the situations in which these can apply.
- Connectivity between countries established by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flywayPublication . Guilherme, João L.; Jones, Victoria R.; Catry, Inês; Beal, Martin; Dias, Maria P.; Oppel, Steffen; Vickery, Juliet A.; Hewson, Chris M.; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Rodrigues, Ana S. L.The conservation of long-distance migratory birds requires coordination between the multiple countries connected by the movements of these species. The recent expansion of tracking studies is shedding new light on these movements, but much of this information is fragmented and inaccessible to conservation practitioners and policy makers. We synthesized current knowledge on the connectivity established between countries by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flyway. We reviewed tracking studies to compile migration records for 1229 individual birds, from which we derived 544 migratory links, each link corresponding to a species’ connection between a breeding country in Europe and a nonbreeding country in sub-Saharan Africa. We used these migratory links to analyze trends in knowledge over time and spatial patterns of connectivity per country (across species), per species (across countries), and at the flyway scale (across all countries and all species). The number of tracking studies available increased steadily since 2010 (particularly for landbirds), but the coverage of existing tracking data was highly incomplete. An average of 7.5% of migratory landbird species and 14.6% of raptor species were tracked per country. More data existed from central and western European countries, and it was biased toward larger bodied species. We provide species- and country-level syntheses of the migratory links we identified from the reviewed studies, involving 123 populations of 43 species, migrating between 28 European and 43 African countries. Several countries (e.g., Spain, Poland, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo) are strategic priorities for future tracking studies to complement existing data, particularly on landbirds. Despite the limitations in existing tracking data, our data and results can inform discussions under 2 key policy instruments at the flyway scale: the African–Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Action Plan and the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia.
- Effect of anthropic disturbances on the activity pattern of two generalist mesocarnivores inhabiting Mediterranean forestry plantationsPublication . Teixeira, Daniela F.; Ares-Pereira, Guilherme; Camarinha, Cláudia; Lima, Cátia; Magalhães, Ana; Castro, Guilherme; Fonseca, Carlos; Rosalino, L. M.Humans have been altering the Mediterranean landscapes for millennia. To diminish the probability of encounters with domestic animals, humans and their activities, many species adjust their behavior to become more nocturnal. Even habitat-generalist species, such as red fox and stone marten that are somehow tolerant to environmental changes, might be affected by anthropic disturbances. Nevertheless, only a small number of studies were implemented in Iberia targeting these mesocarnivores’ activity patterns, and fewer have assessed the temporal ecology of these species in Eucalyptus plantations, the current main forest cover in Portugal. Based on camera traps, we aimed to analyze: 1) the temporal and spatio-temporal activity patterns of red fox and stone marten; and 2) how they are affected by distinct human disturbances (i.e., humans, livestock, dogs, plantations, and hunting). Foxes presented a higher crepuscular activity, while martens were entirely nocturnal, suggesting some avoidance behavior. Both mesocarnivores showed a higher overlap with dogs’ activity than with humans or livestock. Foxes’ activity patterns vary between seasons and habitats but were not influenced by the hunting period. Results suggest that both mesocarnivores, besides setting apart their activity from humans related disturbances, also show a tendency to temporally avoid each other. While the increase of nocturnality may indicate an anthropic disturbance impact, a reduction of activity overlap between mesocarnivores may be a strategy to reduce competition. These results may help support the sustainable management of landscapes by highlighting critical periods where activity overlaps may occur, and thus the anthropic impacts on wildlife are higher.
- Using and Creating Microclimates for Cork Oak Adaptation to Climate ChangePublication . Vizinho, André; Príncipe, Adriana; Vasconcelos, Ana Cátia; Rebelo, Rui; Branquinho, Cristina; Penha-Lopes, GilIn Mediterranean climate regions, climate change is increasing aridity and contributing to the mortality rate of Quercus suber, reducing the success of reforestation efforts. Using and creating microclimates is a recommended climate adaptation strategy that needs research. Our hypothesis is that planting Q. suber in north-facing slopes and water lines results in a higher survival rate than those that are planted in ridges and south-facing slopes. Secondly, our hypothesis is that existing shrubs (in this case, Cistus ladanifer) can be used to create microclimatic sheltering and increase the survival of Q. suber plantations. In experiment 1, we tested the survival of Q. suber plantations in four different topographic conditions. For that, 80 Q. suber plants were planted over four different topographic conditions, where soil probes were installed to monitor soil moisture and temperature. Two years after, the results show an increased survival rate in the north-facing slope and water line when compared to the ridge area (p = 0.032). In experiment 2, we tested if planting in the shade of rows of C. ladanifer increases the survival rate of Q. suber plantations. For that, 1200 Q. suber plants were planted; 600 in a Montado open area with no shade and 600 under the shade of rows of C. ladanifer shrubs. A total of 17 months after plantation, there was a significantly higher survival rate of the shaded plants (p = 0.027). We conclude that microclimates created by topography and shrubs can have a significant impact on the survival of Q. suber plantations and discuss the situations in which these can apply.
- Contrasting patterns of population structure of Bulwer’s petrel (Bulweria bulwerii) between oceans revealed by statistical phylogeographyPublication . Silva, Monica C.; Catry, Paulo; Bried, Joël; Kawakami, Kazuto; Flint, Elizabeth; Granadeiro, José P.The patterns of population divergence of mid-latitude marine birds are impacted by only a few biogeographic barriers to dispersal and the effect of intrinsic factors, such as fidelity to natal colonies or wintering grounds, may become more conspicuous. Here we describe, for the first time, the phylogeographic patterns and historical demography of Bulwer’s petrel Bulweria bulwerii and provide new insights regarding the drivers of species diversification in the marine environment. We sampled Bulwer’s petrels from the main breeding colonies and used a statistical phylogeography approach based on surveying nuclear and mitochondrial loci (~ 9100 bp) to study its mechanisms of global diversification. We uncovered three highly differentiated groups including the Western Pacific, the Central Pacific and the Atlantic. The older divergence occurred within the Pacific Ocean, ca. 850,000 ya, and since then the W Pacific group has been evolving in isolation. Conversely, divergence between the Central Pacific and Atlantic populations occurred within the last 200,000 years. While the Isthmus of Panama is important in restricting gene flow between oceans in Bulwer’s petrels, the deepest phylogeographic break is within the Pacific Ocean, where oceanographic barriers are key in driving and maintaining the remarkable structure found in this highly mobile seabird. This is in contrast with the Atlantic, where no structure was detected. Further data will provide insights regarding the extent of lineage divergence of Bulwer’s petrels in the Western Pacific.
- Drivers of Insect Community Change along the Margins of Mountain Streams in Serra da Estrela Natural Park (Portugal)Publication . Ceia-Hasse, Ana; Boieiro, Mário; Soares, Albano; Antunes, Sandra; Figueiredo, Hugo; Rego, Carla; Borges, Paulo A.V.; Conde, José; Serrano, ArturMountain ecosystems are important biodiversity hotspots and valuable natural laboratories to study community assembly processes. Here, we analyze the diversity patterns of butterflies and odonates in a mountainous area of high conservation value—Serra da Estrela Natural Park (Portugal)—and we assess the drivers of community change for each of the two insect groups. The butterflies and odonates were sampled along 150 m transects near the margins of three mountain streams, at three elevation levels (500, 1000, and 1500 m). We found no significant differences in odonate species richness between elevations, but marginal differences (p = 0.058) were found for butterflies due to the lower number of species at high altitudes. Both insect groups showed significant differences in beta diversity (βtotal) between elevations, with species richness differences being the most important component for odonates (βrich = 55.2%), while species replacement drove the changes between butterfly assemblages (βrepl = 60.3%). Climatic factors, particularly those depicting harsher conditions of temperature and precipitation, were the best predictors of total beta diversity (βtotal) and its components (βrich, βrepl) for the two study groups. The study of insect biodiversity patterns in mountain ecosystems and of the role played by different predictors contribute to further our understanding on the community assembly processes and may help to better predict environmental change impacts on mountain biodiversity.