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Abstract(s)
A Madeira manteve elevadas taxas de analfabetismo até meados do século XX, de forma ainda mais acentuada do que em Portugal continental. Este estudo pretende evidenciar aspetos que fazem a especificidade da História do Ensino Primário na Madeira. O acentuado relevo montanhoso da Madeira e o consequente isolamento das povoações, bem como a resistência da população rural à escolarização obrigatória, condicionaram o progresso da alfabetização. O desenvolvimento da rede viária e a evolução dos meios de comunicação tiveram impacto positivo nos níveis de alfabetização da população. Na Madeira a difusão do ensino primário ficou a dever-se muito mais à ação das estruturas administrativas regionais – Junta Geral do Distrito do Funchal, municípios –, de instituições e personalidades madeirenses do que ao empenho do Governo nacional. As disputas entre protestantes e católicos, passando também pela fundação de escolas, favoreceram a difusão do ensino primário na Ilha. Este estudo, que incide numa amostra de três concelhos selecionados – Calheta, Porto Moniz e Funchal –, segue a linha de pensamento da École des Annales, que sugeriu a aproximação da História a outras ciências sociais e fez uso de novas fontes. No que diz respeito à escala de observação, aplicou-se o princípio da variação de escala. Foram compulsados muitos e variados documentos de entidades oficiais e privadas, pelo que se deu particular atenção às operações historiográficas de heurística e hermenêutica, de modo a elaborar uma narrativa que assinalasse a evolução do ensino, cruzando com as circunstâncias geográficas, sociais, económicas e históricas da ilha. Arquivos fotográficos, a imprensa local e o romance de costumes foram também explorados.
Madeira maintained high illiteracy rates until the mid-20th century, even more markedly than mainland Portugal. This study aims to highlight aspects that define the specificity of the history of primary education in Madeira. The island's steep mountainous terrain and the resulting isolation of communities, along with the resistance of the rural population to compulsory schooling, significantly hindered the progress of literacy. The development of the road network and the advances in communication means had a positive impact on literacy skills of the population. In Madeira, the dissemination of primary education was due more to the actions of administrative regional entities – the Junta Geral do Distrito do Funchal and the municipalities –, as well as of Madeiran institutions and notable individuals, than to the efforts of the national government. The disputes between Protestants and Catholics, including the establishment of schools, also promoted the spread of primary education in the island. This study, focusing on a sample of three municipalities – Calheta, Porto Moniz, and Funchal – follows the perspective of the Annales, which advocated an interdisciplinary approach to history and the use of new sources. Regarding the scale of observation, the principle of scale variation was applied. A wide array of documents from official and private entities was consulted, with special attention paid to the historiographical operations of heuristics and hermeneutics, in order to craft a narrative that highlights the evolution of education, intersecting it with the geographic, social, economic, and historical circumstances of the island.. Photographic archives, the local press, and social novels were also explored.
Madeira maintained high illiteracy rates until the mid-20th century, even more markedly than mainland Portugal. This study aims to highlight aspects that define the specificity of the history of primary education in Madeira. The island's steep mountainous terrain and the resulting isolation of communities, along with the resistance of the rural population to compulsory schooling, significantly hindered the progress of literacy. The development of the road network and the advances in communication means had a positive impact on literacy skills of the population. In Madeira, the dissemination of primary education was due more to the actions of administrative regional entities – the Junta Geral do Distrito do Funchal and the municipalities –, as well as of Madeiran institutions and notable individuals, than to the efforts of the national government. The disputes between Protestants and Catholics, including the establishment of schools, also promoted the spread of primary education in the island. This study, focusing on a sample of three municipalities – Calheta, Porto Moniz, and Funchal – follows the perspective of the Annales, which advocated an interdisciplinary approach to history and the use of new sources. Regarding the scale of observation, the principle of scale variation was applied. A wide array of documents from official and private entities was consulted, with special attention paid to the historiographical operations of heuristics and hermeneutics, in order to craft a narrative that highlights the evolution of education, intersecting it with the geographic, social, economic, and historical circumstances of the island.. Photographic archives, the local press, and social novels were also explored.
Description
Keywords
Ensino Primário na Madeira Alfabetização História da Educação Municípios madeirenses Junta Geral do Distrito do Funchal Primary Education in Madeira Literacy History of Education Madeiran Municipalities