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Em 2018-2019, realizou-se a consulta sobre a revisão do Código Penal no que respeita aos crimes das pessoas coletivas em Macau, com vista a definir os princípios basilares que deveriam ser seguidos na revisão do próprio Código Penal. É importante lembrar que, durante muito tempo, a indústria jurídica em Macau habitava-se ao facto de os crimes contra as pessoas coletivas estarem previstos nas leis avulsas, a indústria jurídica em Macau estava acostumada ao fato de que os crimes contra pessoas coletivas eram regulados por leis separadas, e a questão em si raramente era discutida na doutrina e na jurisprudência, e também não era analisada no âmbito processual.
A publicação do Relatório Final sobre a reforma pela DSAJ em 2019 desencadeou um efeito dominó, no qual Macau começa lentamente a reconhecer a importância da criminalidade empresarial, e cada vez mais académicos locais exploram os problemas encontrados no quadro legal existente relativamente à responsabilidade criminal das pessoas coletivas. De facto, embora a criminalização de pessoas coletivas ainda não tenha se tornado um princípio jurídico no direito penal, isso não impede a descoberta dos problemas enfrentados por pessoas coletivas na participação em processo penal.
Para obter uma visão mais abrangente do tema em epígrafe, é importante começar pela evolução história da responsabilidade criminal das pessoas coletivas no mundo em geral. Essa revisão ajuda-nos concluir as etapas comuns que cada ordenamento jurídico percorreu na concretização da responsabilidade criminal de pessoas coletivas. Em seguida, reduzimos o âmbito de discussão apenas para Macau, a fim de ilustrar o dilema de efetuar mudanças no direito penal de Macau, com base na experiência do direito comparado.
Por último, esta Dissertação pretende fazer uma preliminar abordagem aos tópicos processuais que possam ser mais relevantes na futura aplicação da responsabilidade criminal às pessoas coletivas, com o objetivo de propor resolução desde já.
In 2018-2019, a public consultation was held on the revision of the Penal Code with regards to the crimes against legal persons in Macau, aiming at defining the basic guidelines that should be followed in the revision of the Penal Code itself. It is important to remember that, for a long time, the legal industry in Macau was used to the fact that crimes against legal persons were regulated by separate laws, and the issue itself was rarely discussed in doctrine and jurisprudence, nor was it analyzed in the procedural sphere. The publication of the Final Report on the reform by Macao SAR Legal Affairs Bureau in 2019 triggered a domino effect, based on which Macau is beginning slowly to recognize the importance of corporate crime, and more and more local scholar and law petitioners are finding the problems in the existing legal framework relating to the criminal liability of legal persons. In fact, although the criminalization of legal persons has not yet become a general rule in criminal law, this does not prevent the discovery of the problems faced by legal persons in participating in criminal proceedings. In order to obtain a more comprehensive view about criminal liability of legal persons, it is important to start with knowing the historical evolution of criminal liability of legal persons in the world in general. This review helps us to conclude the common stages that each legal system has gone through in realizing the criminal liability of legal persons. By narrow the scope of the discussion to Macau, we then illustrate the dilemma of making changes to Macau’s criminal law, based on the experience of comparative law. Finally, this paper aims to make a preliminary approach to the topics of procedure nature that may be most relevant in the future application of criminal liability to legal persons, with the aim of proposing resolutions now.
In 2018-2019, a public consultation was held on the revision of the Penal Code with regards to the crimes against legal persons in Macau, aiming at defining the basic guidelines that should be followed in the revision of the Penal Code itself. It is important to remember that, for a long time, the legal industry in Macau was used to the fact that crimes against legal persons were regulated by separate laws, and the issue itself was rarely discussed in doctrine and jurisprudence, nor was it analyzed in the procedural sphere. The publication of the Final Report on the reform by Macao SAR Legal Affairs Bureau in 2019 triggered a domino effect, based on which Macau is beginning slowly to recognize the importance of corporate crime, and more and more local scholar and law petitioners are finding the problems in the existing legal framework relating to the criminal liability of legal persons. In fact, although the criminalization of legal persons has not yet become a general rule in criminal law, this does not prevent the discovery of the problems faced by legal persons in participating in criminal proceedings. In order to obtain a more comprehensive view about criminal liability of legal persons, it is important to start with knowing the historical evolution of criminal liability of legal persons in the world in general. This review helps us to conclude the common stages that each legal system has gone through in realizing the criminal liability of legal persons. By narrow the scope of the discussion to Macau, we then illustrate the dilemma of making changes to Macau’s criminal law, based on the experience of comparative law. Finally, this paper aims to make a preliminary approach to the topics of procedure nature that may be most relevant in the future application of criminal liability to legal persons, with the aim of proposing resolutions now.
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Responsabilidade penal das pessoas colectivas Crimes económicos Direito penal económico Regulação Responsabilidade criminal Teses de mestrado - 2024 Criminal liability of legal persons Economic crimes economic criminal law Regulation Criminal liability