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Causas de morte de pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus) arrojados nas praias de Florianópolis, Brasil
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Os pinguins são aves marinhas não voadoras que pertencem à família Spheniscidae que contempla um total de 18 espécies distribuídas pelo hemisfério sul. De entre essas espécies, o pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus) reproduz-se nas costas temperadas da Argentina, Chile e Ilhas Malvinas e durante a sua migração de inverno surge com muita frequência no litoral brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais causas de morte do pinguim de Magalhães no sul do Brasil. Assim, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2023 foram sujeitos a necrópsia 98 pinguins, nas instalações da Associação R3 Animal, em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. A necrópsia e os exames complementares permitiram identificar a causa de morte. A maioria de pinguins era muito jovem (95,9%, 94/98), no seu primeiro ano de vida, e 76,5% (75/98) eram fêmeas. O mês onde foram registadas mais mortes foi Agosto (35,7%, 35/98) e uma grande proporção dos pinguins (86,7%, 85/98) encontrava-se em estados de caquexia. Todos os pinguins tiveram diagnósticos definitivos de causa de morte. As doenças não infeciosas foram a causa de morte mais frequente (77,6%, 76/98) seguidas das doenças infeciosas (22,5%, 22/98). Entre as causas de mortalidade não infeciosa, o diagnóstico mais frequente foi de síndrome metabólica (84,2%, 64/76), seguida do afogamento (14,5%, 11/76) e da asfixia por agente físico (1,3%, 1/76). Nas causas infeciosas destaca-se a infeção bacteriana respiratória (45.5%, 10/22), seguida do parasitismo respiratório por Cyathostoma phenisci (27,3%, 6/22), da Aspergilose (18,2%, 4/22) e do choque séptico (9,1%, 2/22). Grande parte dos pinguins teve interações antropogénicas (74,5%. 73/98). Muitos pinguins (73,5%, 72/98) estavam parasitados no estômago e/ou nos intestinos, e em 24,5% (24/98) o parasitismo contribuiu para o desfecho fatal. Os resultados obtidos são importantes para caraterizar as causas de mortalidade do pinguim-de-Magalhães na costa brasileira e para ajudar os responsáveis dos centros de reabilitação do litoral brasileiro a desenharem estratégias de conservação e de reabilitação desta ave marinha
ABSTRACT - Causes of death in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) rescued on the beaches of Florianópolis, Brazil - Penguins are non-flying seabirds belonging to the Spheniscidae family, which includes a total of 18 species distributed throughout the southern hemisphere. Among these species, there is the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). This specie breeds on the temperate coasts of Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands. It frequently appears on the Brazilian coast during its winter migration. The aim of this study was to identify the main causes of death of Magellanic penguins in southern Brazil. Between January 2023 and December 2023, 98 penguins were necropsied and analyzed at the facilities of the R3 animal association in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Complementary exams made it possible to identify the cause of death. The sample investigated consisted of 95.9% (94/98) young penguins in their first year of life and 76.5% (75/98) were females. The month with most deaths recorded was August (35.7%, 35/98) and more than half of the penguins (86.7%, 85/98) suffered from cachexia. All penguins had definitive diagnoses of cause of death. Non-infectious diseases were the most frequent cause of death (77.6%, 76/98) followed by infectious diseases (22.5%, 22/98). Among the non-infectious causes of death, the most frequent diagnosis was metabolic syndrome (84.2%, 64/76), followed by drowning (14.5%, 11/76) and asphyxiation by physical agent (1.3%, 1/76). Among the infectious causes, respiratory bacterial infections stood out (45.5%, 10/22), followed by respiratory parasitism by Cyathostoma phenisci (27.3%, 6/22), aspergillosis (18.2%, 4/22) and septic shock (9.1%, 2/22). Most penguins had anthropogenic interactions prior to death (74.5%, 73/98) and many of them (73.5%, 72/98) were parasitized in the stomach and/or intestines. In 24.5% (24/98) parasitism contributed to the fatal outcome. The results obtained are important for assessing the mortality of Magellanic penguins on the Brazilian coast and to help those responsible for rehabilitation centers on the Brazilian coast to design conservation and rehabilitation strategies for this seabird
ABSTRACT - Causes of death in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) rescued on the beaches of Florianópolis, Brazil - Penguins are non-flying seabirds belonging to the Spheniscidae family, which includes a total of 18 species distributed throughout the southern hemisphere. Among these species, there is the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). This specie breeds on the temperate coasts of Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands. It frequently appears on the Brazilian coast during its winter migration. The aim of this study was to identify the main causes of death of Magellanic penguins in southern Brazil. Between January 2023 and December 2023, 98 penguins were necropsied and analyzed at the facilities of the R3 animal association in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Complementary exams made it possible to identify the cause of death. The sample investigated consisted of 95.9% (94/98) young penguins in their first year of life and 76.5% (75/98) were females. The month with most deaths recorded was August (35.7%, 35/98) and more than half of the penguins (86.7%, 85/98) suffered from cachexia. All penguins had definitive diagnoses of cause of death. Non-infectious diseases were the most frequent cause of death (77.6%, 76/98) followed by infectious diseases (22.5%, 22/98). Among the non-infectious causes of death, the most frequent diagnosis was metabolic syndrome (84.2%, 64/76), followed by drowning (14.5%, 11/76) and asphyxiation by physical agent (1.3%, 1/76). Among the infectious causes, respiratory bacterial infections stood out (45.5%, 10/22), followed by respiratory parasitism by Cyathostoma phenisci (27.3%, 6/22), aspergillosis (18.2%, 4/22) and septic shock (9.1%, 2/22). Most penguins had anthropogenic interactions prior to death (74.5%, 73/98) and many of them (73.5%, 72/98) were parasitized in the stomach and/or intestines. In 24.5% (24/98) parasitism contributed to the fatal outcome. The results obtained are important for assessing the mortality of Magellanic penguins on the Brazilian coast and to help those responsible for rehabilitation centers on the Brazilian coast to design conservation and rehabilitation strategies for this seabird
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária, área científica de Sanidade Animal
Palavras-chave
Spheniscus magellanicus Mortalidade Síndrome metabólica Doenças infeciosas Brasil Spheniscus magellanicus Mortality Metabolic syndrome Infectious diseases Brazil
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Charraz AML. 2024. Causas de morte de pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus) arrojados nas praias de Florianópolis, Brasil [dissertação de mestrado]. Lisboa: FMV-Universidade de Lisboa
Editora
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária