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O objectivo da presente investigação Ć© responder Ć questĆ£o de saber se o devedor a quem seja imputĆ”vel o nĆ£o cumprimento da obrigação tem de indemnizar despesas feitas pelo credor e inutilizadas pelo nĆ£o cumprimento. Sustentamos que todas as tentativas de compatibilizar a indemnização de despesas inutilizadas com a exigĆŖncia geral de causalidade fracassam. Entre estas tentativas, analisamos, numa perspectiva crĆtica, as que deslocam o dano para a frustração do fim das despesas e afirmam que as despesas representam o valor desse dano. Examinamos seguidamente a proposta de uma Ā«presunção de equivalĆŖnciaĀ» em contratos de troca e ainda a ideia de uma presunção ilidĆvel de que as despesas feitas pelo credor no pressuposto do cumprimento gerariam, no mĆnimo, um lucro do mesmo montante, pondo, portanto, o ónus da prova da ausĆŖncia de lucro a cargo do devedor. Recusamos tambĆ©m uma solução assente no princĆpio da tutela da confianƧa, nos termos da qual a indemnização de despesas inutilizadas deveria ser atribuĆda porque as despesas foram feitas confiando no cumprimento da obrigação e a situação de confianƧa Ć© imputĆ”vel ao devedor. Por Ćŗltimo, rejeitamos que a indemnização de despesas inutilizadas possa fundar-se num suposto fim ou função da resolução do contrato por incumprimento. A nossa tese Ć© de que as despesas inutilizadas integram os danos indemnizĆ”veis pelo devedor por forƧa da sua analogia relativamente Ć s despesas feitas por causa do nĆ£o cumprimento (por conseguinte, despesas que nĆ£o sĆ£o desaproveitadas por causa do nĆ£o cumprimento). Na hipótese de despesas feitas por causa do nĆ£o cumprimento, a perda de dinheiro do credor nĆ£o Ć© totalmente voluntĆ”ria em consequĆŖncia do nĆ£o cumprimento. Na hipótese de despesas inutilizadas por causa do nĆ£o cumprimento, a perda de dinheiro do credor torna-se menos voluntĆ”ria em consequĆŖncia do nĆ£o cumprimento. Esta analogia autoriza uma excepção Ć exigĆŖncia de causalidade na responsabilidade civil obrigacional. Na parte final do estudo, aprofundamos o Ć¢mbito e os limites da indemnização de despesas inutilizadas de harmonia com a razĆ£o que justifica o seu reconhecimento.
The aim of this study is to establish if someone who is liable for failing to perform an obligation (henceforth, Ā«the debtorĀ») has to pay damages for expenses incurred by the aggrieved party (henceforth, Ā«the creditorĀ») that rendered wasted by the non-performance. We claim that all the attempts to make damages for wasted expenses consistent with the general requisite of causation in liability claims fail. Among these attempts, we analyse, in a critical view, those that place the loss in the Ā«frustrationĀ» of the expenses goal and declare that the expenses represent the value of such a loss. We further scrutinize the proposal of a Ā«presumption of equivalenceĀ» in exchange contracts and also the idea of a rebuttable presumption that the expenses made by the creditor in reliance on the performance would generate at least a correspondent amount of profit to this party, thus placing on the debtor the burden for the inexistence of loss. We then refuse a solution grounded on the general legal principle that protects reliance, which states that damages for wasted expenses should be awarded because they were incurred in reliance on the performance of the obligation, while the debtor is liable for the creditorās belief. We finally reject that damages for wasted expenses could be granted based on the contended purpose or function of the termination of the contract by the creditor. We argue that wasted expenses amount to recoverable damage on the ground of its analogy to expenses incurred due to non-performance (not expenses wasted because of it). In the case of incurred expenses, the loss of the creditorās money is not wholly voluntary as a consequence of the non-performance. In the case of wasted expenses, a previous loss becomes less voluntary for the same reason. This analogy allows an exception to the general requisite of causation in liability claims. The final chapters discuss the scope and limits of damages for wasted expenses in accordance to the reason that justifies its recognition.
The aim of this study is to establish if someone who is liable for failing to perform an obligation (henceforth, Ā«the debtorĀ») has to pay damages for expenses incurred by the aggrieved party (henceforth, Ā«the creditorĀ») that rendered wasted by the non-performance. We claim that all the attempts to make damages for wasted expenses consistent with the general requisite of causation in liability claims fail. Among these attempts, we analyse, in a critical view, those that place the loss in the Ā«frustrationĀ» of the expenses goal and declare that the expenses represent the value of such a loss. We further scrutinize the proposal of a Ā«presumption of equivalenceĀ» in exchange contracts and also the idea of a rebuttable presumption that the expenses made by the creditor in reliance on the performance would generate at least a correspondent amount of profit to this party, thus placing on the debtor the burden for the inexistence of loss. We then refuse a solution grounded on the general legal principle that protects reliance, which states that damages for wasted expenses should be awarded because they were incurred in reliance on the performance of the obligation, while the debtor is liable for the creditorās belief. We finally reject that damages for wasted expenses could be granted based on the contended purpose or function of the termination of the contract by the creditor. We argue that wasted expenses amount to recoverable damage on the ground of its analogy to expenses incurred due to non-performance (not expenses wasted because of it). In the case of incurred expenses, the loss of the creditorās money is not wholly voluntary as a consequence of the non-performance. In the case of wasted expenses, a previous loss becomes less voluntary for the same reason. This analogy allows an exception to the general requisite of causation in liability claims. The final chapters discuss the scope and limits of damages for wasted expenses in accordance to the reason that justifies its recognition.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento, Direito (CiĆŖncias JurĆdico-Civis), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Direito, 2013
Palavras-chave
Teses de doutoramento - 2013
