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Development of control scenarios for paratuberculosis in Swiss dairy cattle : a diagnostic test-based approach
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A Paratuberculose, também conhecida como Doença de Johne, é uma doença que afeta maioritariamente ruminantes, sendo causada pela bactéria Mycobacterium avium subespécie paratuberculosis. Trata-se de uma enterite granulomatosa crónica, caracterizada por um longo período de incubação e pela ausência de tratamento eficaz. A transmissão ocorre principalmente pela via fecal-oral, que é considerada o principal meio de disseminação. Os sinais clínicos manifestam-se de forma progressiva, iniciando-se com perda de peso, diarreia intermitente e redução da produção de leite, e culminado em sinais clínicos como fraqueza, emaciação, edema submandibular e desidratação. As perdas económicas associadas à Paratuberculose são bastante significativas para a indústria de bovinos leiteiros, uma vez que esta afeta a produção de leite, eleva as taxas de abate e mortalidade e compromete os parâmetros produtivos. Assim, o controlo eficaz da Paratuberculose torna-se fundamental, embora seja bastante difícil de implementar. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver potenciais cenários de controlo para a Paratuberculose aplicáveis à Suíça, país que atualmente conta apenas com uma vigilância passiva da doença através da sua notificação obrigatória. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão literária exaustiva e detalhada, abrangendo todos os aspetos do controlo da Paratuberculose, de modo a identificar as estratégias e medidas mais eficazes. Como resultado, foram desenvolvidos três cenários de controlo, adaptados às condições de produção das explorações suíças, que diferem entre si em termos de eficácia e custos associados. Cada cenário é baseado em quatro pilares - testagem, abate, biossegurança e educação - considerados essenciais para o sucesso no controlo da doença. Tendo por base a experiência de outros países, os 3 cenários de controlo desenvolvidos são capazes de reduzir a prevalência da Paratuberculose, tanto nas explorações individuais como a nível nacional. Os custos anuais dos testes de diagnóstico para um efetivo leiteiro suíço positivo foram estimados em 5801€ para o cenário 1, 3092€ para o cenário 2 e 1259€ para o cenário 3. As diferenças nos custos foram principalmente influenciadas pelos testes de diagnóstico utilizados nos respetivos planos de controlo. Assim, os resultados obtidos mostram-se de grande importância e podem servir de base tanto para o desenvolvimento de futuras análises de custo-benefício, como também de apoio à tomada de decisão na implementação de um programa de controlo ativo
Paratuberculosis, commonly referred to as Johne’s Disease, is a disease that mostly affects ruminants and is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It manifests as a chronic granulomatous enteritis, characterized by a long incubation period and the non-existence of an effective treatment. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, which is considered as the main pathway for disease spread. Clinical signs progress gradually as the disease advances, initially presenting as weight loss, intermittent diarrhea, and reduced milk production, eventually leading to more severe clinical signs such as weakness, emaciation, submandibular edema, and dehydration. The economic impact of Paratuberculosis is particularly significant for the dairy cattle industry, as it severely compromises milk production, increases culling and mortality rates, and undermines key productivity parameters. Faced with this, an effective control of Paratuberculosis is fundamental, though it presents considerable challenges in terms of implementation. The present study aimed to develop potential control scenarios for Paratuberculosis that could be applied in Switzerland, a country that currently relies on passive surveillance through mandatory reporting but without an active control program. To achieve this, an extensive and comprehensive literature review was conducted, including all aspects of the disease control in order to identify the most viable and effective strategies. As a result, three control scenarios were developed, targeted to the specific production conditions of Swiss farms, differing in both efficacy and associated costs. Each scenario is structured around four key pillars - testing, culling, biosecurity, and education - which are considered essential for the successful control of the disease. Based on the experience from other countries, all three control scenarios developed are capable of significantly reducing the prevalence of Paratuberculosis both at individual farm level and at national level. The annual costs of the diagnostic tests for a positive Swiss dairy herd were estimated at 5801€ for scenario 1, 3092€ for scenario 2 and 1259€ for scenario 3. The differences in costs were mainly influenced by the diagnostic tests used in the respective control scenarios. The findings of this study are of great importance and may serve as a basis for comprehensive cost-benefit analyses or as a decision-making support for the implementation of an active control program against this disease
Paratuberculosis, commonly referred to as Johne’s Disease, is a disease that mostly affects ruminants and is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It manifests as a chronic granulomatous enteritis, characterized by a long incubation period and the non-existence of an effective treatment. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, which is considered as the main pathway for disease spread. Clinical signs progress gradually as the disease advances, initially presenting as weight loss, intermittent diarrhea, and reduced milk production, eventually leading to more severe clinical signs such as weakness, emaciation, submandibular edema, and dehydration. The economic impact of Paratuberculosis is particularly significant for the dairy cattle industry, as it severely compromises milk production, increases culling and mortality rates, and undermines key productivity parameters. Faced with this, an effective control of Paratuberculosis is fundamental, though it presents considerable challenges in terms of implementation. The present study aimed to develop potential control scenarios for Paratuberculosis that could be applied in Switzerland, a country that currently relies on passive surveillance through mandatory reporting but without an active control program. To achieve this, an extensive and comprehensive literature review was conducted, including all aspects of the disease control in order to identify the most viable and effective strategies. As a result, three control scenarios were developed, targeted to the specific production conditions of Swiss farms, differing in both efficacy and associated costs. Each scenario is structured around four key pillars - testing, culling, biosecurity, and education - which are considered essential for the successful control of the disease. Based on the experience from other countries, all three control scenarios developed are capable of significantly reducing the prevalence of Paratuberculosis both at individual farm level and at national level. The annual costs of the diagnostic tests for a positive Swiss dairy herd were estimated at 5801€ for scenario 1, 3092€ for scenario 2 and 1259€ for scenario 3. The differences in costs were mainly influenced by the diagnostic tests used in the respective control scenarios. The findings of this study are of great importance and may serve as a basis for comprehensive cost-benefit analyses or as a decision-making support for the implementation of an active control program against this disease
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária, área científica de Sanidade Animal
Palavras-chave
Doença de Johne Bovinos de leite Custo do controlo Vigilância ativa Johne’s Disease Dairy cattle Cost of control Active surveillance