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MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre
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Effect of three diets on the gametogenic development and fatty acid profile of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark, 1816) gonads
Publication . Raposo, Andreia I.G.; Ferreira, Susana M.F.; Ramos, Rodolfo; Santos, Pedro M.; Anjos, Catarina; Baptista, Teresa; Tecelão, Carla; Costa, José L.; Pombo, Ana
In this study, the effects of three diets were investigated to enhance Paracentrotus
lividus production for commercial purposes. P. lividus were fed ad libitum for 80 days
with: diet A—fresh Codium tomentosum Stackhouse, 1797; diet B—formulated using
a jellified mix of macroalgae and vegetables, including C. tomentosum (20%), Coralina
sp. Linnaeus, 1758 (17%), cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata Linnaeus, 1753
(30%), carrot Daucus carota Linnaeus, 1753 (30%) and agar (3%) as a gelling agent.
Diet C consisted of maize Zea mays Linnaeus, 1753 (56%) and New Zealand spinach
Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pallas, 1781) Kuntze, 1891 (44%). Their effects on the gonadal
and somatic growths, gonadosomatic index (GI) and gametogenesis were evaluated,
as well as on the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of sea urchin's
gonads. Diet A provided high values of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Gonads of sea
urchins fed with diet A were found mostly in growth and maturation stages of gametogenesis
and showed the lowest lipid content. Sea urchins fed with diet B presented
their gonads in the reabsorption stage and had the highest values of omega‐3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFAs). Sea urchins fed with diet C were in the early stages
of gametogenesis and had the highest values of lipid content, plus omega‐6 PUFAs.
Once as an ingredient in a balanced mix with vegetables, C. tomentosum can be a
key factor to the development of new promising high‐quality and low‐cost feed for
P. lividus roe enhancement
Tools for the management and conservation of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): an application to Santo André lagoon
Publication . Correia, Maria João; Costa, José Lino Vieira de Oliveira; Domingos, Isabel Maria Madaleno; De Leo, Giulio
The critical status of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) population is an ongoing concern for fisheries and environmental managers. The European Eel Regulation approved in 2007 established the framework for the eel recovery, although incomplete knowledge about the stock hampers management that ensure the species’ sustainability.
The present research investigated the dynamics of the European eel in a coastal lagoon, contributing to increase the knowledge about the species and to the assessment of the status of the stock in Portuguese inland waters. The information gathered on eel recruitment, and on the species exploitation and life history traits in a Portuguese brackish system, the Santo André lagoon, provided relevant data to develop stock assessment tools, and to analyse and understand the impact of management decisions on the local eel stock.
Data on glass eel from the rivers Minho and Lis provide insights on recruitment trends in Portugal in recent decades and on the drivers of glass eel ingress into Portuguese coastal systems and were used as a proxy to the recruitment dynamics in Santo André lagoon.
Results suggest that eel recruitment shows no evidence of a dramatic decline in Portugal, compared to trends reported for other European rivers. The dynamics of the eel population in continental waters was studied from a socio-economic and biological perspective in Santo André lagoon, where the eel yield is significant. The fishery statistics since the 1980’s and the field work conducted in 2011/12 and in 2015/16 have made possible to gather relevant information on the exploitation and biology and have provided the necessary data to characterize the local eel population. Data collected were used to calibrate a Bayesian state-space Integral Projection Model (SSIPM) that described the eel dynamics in the lagoon and estimated relevant eel biomass indicators.
The eel population in the lagoon is male-skewed and characterized by a relatively young population (average age is 2.3 years), with only 13.7 % of individuals above 350 mm (13.7%). Eel growth in the lagoon is among the fastest reported for the species and explains the early onset of maturity in males, which metamorphose into silver eels, on average, at three years of age. The male dominance in the lagoon is most likely related to the high eel density estimates obtained with the SSIPM, ranging between 6 and 139 kg ha-1 in the years studied (2008-2017). The high productivity of the system supports one of the highest eel fishing yields in the species’ range, which represents a substantial share (50%) of local fishermen’s income.
The increase in the catch per unit effort between 2006 and 2017 obtained from fisheries statistical data, was hypothesized to be a consequence of fishing effort reduction under the eel regulation, combined with an increase in natural recruitment. These results point out to the positive signs of the adaptive approach adopted in local fisheries management, although the eel regulation targets (silver eel biomass escapement) may be compromised.
The closed nature of the lagoon translates into a late escapement of silver eels, which occurs only in the spring when the connection to the sea is artificially re-established, making them very vulnerable to capture by the fishery. Despite being an illegal activity, silver eel fishing occurs, showing that the management system must be improved. There are conditions to implement fisheries co-management in this socio-ecological system, and the estimated fishing yield and silver eel escapement under different management scenarios suggest that there are opportunities to improve the sustainability of the local European eel population.
The SSIPM developed proved to be a useful tool to describe the European eel population in Santo André lagoon and can be used to support the evaluation of the Portuguese eel management plan, particularly in coastal brackish systems. The framework can be adapted to other eel habitats where eel abundance time-series are available, ideally incorporating information on sex ratio, growth, and length at silvering of the local population, since those life history traits are environmentally dependent.
Estudo do metabolismo de catinonas psicoativas
Publication . Lopes, Beatriz Teixeira; Gaspar, Helena Margarida Guerrreiro Galla,1970-; Antunes, Alexandra Maria Moita
Este trabalho foi realizado no âmbito de um protocolo entre a Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), o Laboratório de Polícia Científica da Polícia Judiciária (LPC/PJ) e o Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), que tem como objetivo a análise, determinação de padrões e investigação científica de Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP) em Portugal. Nos últimos anos, o ‘’cenário’’ do mundo das drogas mudou devido ao crescente desenvolvimento e consumo de NSP. NSP designa-se por ‘’uma substância na forma pura ou numa preparação que não está abrangida pela Convenção Única das Nações Unidas sobre os Estupefacientes, de 1961, alterada pelo Protocolo de 1972, nem pela Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre as Substâncias Psicotrópicas, de 1971, mas que pode colocar riscos sociais ou para a saúde semelhantes aos colocados pelas substâncias abrangidas pelas referidas convenções’’. Devido ao rápido crescimento das NSP no mercado, a resposta das autoridades é dificultada em termos de estudo toxicológicos e de desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas adequadas para a identificação e quantificação de NSP e dos seus metabolitos em amostras biológicas. Este conhecimento é essencial para a atuação das autoridades forenses e antidoping. Assim, é fundamental a aproximação entre as autoridades judiciais e os grupos de investigação, para a identificação de metabolitos de NSP que entram no mercado, assim como de outros que se antecipam que poderão brevemente surgir no mercado. As catinonas sintéticas constituem um dos maiores grupos de NSP, são análogos estruturais da catinona, um dos principais compostos psicoativos da planta Catha edulis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação metabolitos de Fase I e de Fase II das catinonas 4'-metil-N,N-dietilcatinona (4-MDEC, também conhecida por 4Me-anfepramona), 4’-metil-N,N-dimetilcatinona (4-MDMC), 4’-cloropirrolidinovalerofenona (4Cl-PVP) e 4'-cloroetilcatinona (4-CEC), que apesar de já ter sido reportado o aparecimento no mercado de substâncias recreativas são ainda desconhecidos os seus metabolitos. Para tal, estas catinonas foram incubadas in vitro, em microssomas de rato e humano (RLM e HLM, respetivamente) e fração S9 de fígado de rato, na presença de cofatores adequados e os metabolitos gerados foram posteriormente identificados por Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à espetrometria de massa de alta resolução de tandem com ionização por Electrospray (LC-ESI-HRMS/MS). A utilização desta técnica de alta resolução foi essencial para elucidação estrutural dos metabolitos identificados. Este procedimento possibilitou a identificação, pela primeira vez, de dois metabolitos de Fase I e um de Fase II da 4Me-anfepramona, 1 metabolito de Fase II da 4-MDMC, 4 metabolitos de Fase I e três de Fase II da 4Cl-PVP e dois de Fase I e um de Fase II da 4-CEC. Para além destes, foi também identificado um novo metabolito de Fase II da alfa-pirrolidinovalerofenona (α-PVP). Esta cationona serviu de controlo positivo nas incubações, por já serem conhecidos alguns dos seus metabolitos. Os resultados obtidos serão de grande utilidade para as entidades judiciais, tornando agora possível atestar o consumo destes NSP por identificação em amostras biológicas dos metabolitos identificados no âmbito desta tese. Este estudo constitui ainda o primeiro passo para o conhecimento mais profundo da atividade/toxicidade dos vários metabolitos identificados.
Global patterns of species richness in coastal cephalopods
Publication . Rosa, Rui; Pissarra, Vasco; Borges, Francisco; Xavier, José; Gleadall, Ian G.; Golikov, Alexey; Bello, Giambattista; Morais, Liliane; Lishchenko, Fedor; Roura, Álvaro; Judkins, Heather; Ibáñez, Christian M.; Piatkowski, Uwe; Vecchione, Michael; Villanueva, Roger
Within the context of global climate change and overfishing of fish stocks, there is some evidence that cephalopod populations are benefiting from this changing setting. These invertebrates show enhanced phenotypic flexibility and are found from polar regions to the tropics. Yet, the global patterns of species richness in coastal cephalopods are not known. Here, among the 370 identified-species, 164 are octopuses, 96 are cuttlefishes, 54 are bobtails and bottletails, 48 are inshore squids and 8 are pygmy squids. The most diverse ocean is the Pacific (with 213 cephalopod species), followed by the Indian (146 species) and Atlantic (95 species). The least diverse are the Southern (15 species) and the Arctic (12 species) Oceans. Endemism is higher in the Southern Ocean (87%) and lower in the Arctic (25%), which reflects the younger age and the “Atlantification” of the latter. The former is associated with an old lineage of octopuses that diverged around 33 Mya. Within the 232 ecoregions considered, the highest values of octopus and cuttlefish richness are observed in the Central Kuroshio Current ecoregion (with a total of 64 species), followed by the East China Sea (59 species). This pattern suggests dispersal in the Central Indo-Pacific (CIP) associated with the highly productive Oyashio/Kuroshio current system. In contrast, inshore squid hotspots are found within the CIP, namely in the Sunda Shelf Province, which may be linked to the occurrence of an ancient intermittent biogeographic barrier: a land bridge formed during the Pleistocene which severely restricted water flow between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, thereby facilitating squid fauna differentiation. Another marked pattern is a longitudinal richness cline from the Central (CIP) toward the Eastern Indo-Pacific (EIP) realm, with central Pacific archipelagos as evolutionary dead ends. In the Atlantic Ocean, closure of the Atrato Seaway (at the Isthmus of Panama) and Straits of Gibraltar (Mediterranean Sea) are historical processes that may explain the contemporary Caribbean octopus richness and Mediterranean sepiolid endemism, respectively. Last, we discuss how the life cycles and strategies of cephalopods may allow them to adapt quickly to future climate change and extend the borealization of their distribution.
Correction: Boat noise interferes with Lusitanian toadfish acoustic communication
Publication . Alves, Daniel; Vieira, Manuel; Amorim, M. Clara P.; Fonseca, Paulo
Anthropogenic noise is considered a major underwater pollutant as
increasing ocean background noise due to human activities is
impacting aquatic organisms. One of the most prevalent
anthropogenic sounds is boat noise. Although motorboat traffic has
increased in the past few decades, its impact on the communication of
fish is still poorly known. The highly vocal Lusitanian toadfish
(Halobatrachus didactylus) is an excellent model to test the impact of
this anthropogenic stressor as it relies on acoustic communication to
attractmates.Here,we performed two experiments to test the impact of
boat noise on the acoustic communication of the Lusitanian toadfish.
Using the auditory evoked potential (AEP) technique, we first
compared the maximum distance a fish can perceive a boatwhistle
(BW), the mate attraction acoustic signal, before and after embedding it
in boat noise. Noises from a small motorboat and from a ferryboat
reduced the active space from a control value of 6.4–10.4 m to
2.0–2.5 m and 6.3–6.7 m, respectively. In the second experiment we
monitored the acoustic behaviour of breeding males exposed to boat
noise playbacks and we observed an increase in the inter-onset
interval ofBWs and a disruption of the usual vocal interactions between
singing males. These results demonstrate that boat noise can severely
reduce the acoustic active space and affect the chorusing behaviour in
this species, which may have consequences in breeding success for
individuals and could thus affect fitness.
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Entidade financiadora
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Programa de financiamento
6817 - DCRRNI ID
Número da atribuição
UID/MAR/04292/2019