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- Discourses about Fake News, Conspiracies and Counterknowledge in SpainPublication . Fernández-García, Belén; Salgado, SusanaThis research addresses the role of populist parties as disinformation agents. It specifically focuses on their use of Twitter to challenge the traditional authorities of knowledge and sources of information. The analysis relies on a content analysis of tweets to identify 1) the strategies employed to contest the “truth”; 2) the alternative sources of knowledge and information proposed; 3) the specific issues mentioned in those tweets and used to substantiate such strategies. Our findings confirm the relevance of these discourses and strategies in the populist parties’ tweets and particularly in the radical right.
- Why no populism in Portugal?Publication . Carreira da Silva, Filipe; Salgado, SusanaWhy study populism? Because populism, left and right, has been on the rise. Talk of populism is all around us: countless talk shows, columns, and op-eds have been devoted to it and everyone seems to have a strong opinion about its dangers. Yet, both outside and inside academia, what populism means remains elusive and how it works is poorly understood. Half a century of populist research has failed to reach a consensus about a minimal definition of populism. It has today several different meanings, an implicit normative duplicity, and its operationalization remains at the very least challenging.
- Where’s populism? Online media and the diffusion of populist discourses and styles in PortugalPublication . Salgado, SusanaPortuguese politics and mainstream media have been resistant to the recent spread of populism. This article examines the specific features of Portuguese politics and media that might explain the apparent exception, and puts it to test by analysing the prevalence of populist discourses and styles of communication in different types of online media. The sample is composed of mediated and unmediated messages on immigration and corruption, two issues that are commonly present in populist discourses by both right- and left-wing political actors. Overall, the content analysis shows that although populist discourses are not recurrent in politics and media, social media have amplified the visibility of this kind of dis- courses in Portugal.
- Introduction: populist discourses and political communication in Southern EuropePublication . Salgado, Susana; Stavrakakis, YannisThis article provides the contextual background to the symposium on Populist Discourses and Political Communication in Southern Europe. It explains the symposium’s objectives and introduces the rationale of its articles on Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Within this context, the editors also highlight the specific conditions for the emergence of typical forms of Southern European populism, as well as its distinctive features, focusing on the challenges populism poses to politics and media research. The implications of the phenomenon for the future of the European project are also addressed.
- Politicians’ Perceptions of Populism and the Media: A Cross-National Study Based on Semi-Structured InterviewsPublication . Salgado, Susana; Stanyer, James; Hajzer, Gergő; Hopmann, David N.; Kalsnes, Bente; Legnante, Guido; Lipiński, Artur; Merkovity, Norbert; Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos; Sanders, Karen B.Why is it importam to study politicians' perceptions of populism? The way in which something is regarded and understood is of the utmost importance for its impact on politics and society in general. Given the complexities in defining 'populism' and understanding its meaning, and in view of it being commonly referred to as a 'vague', 'slippery', 'elusive' concept (e.g., Canovan, 1981, 1984; Taggart, 2000; Barr, 2009; Lucardie, 2009; Woods, 2014), this study addresses the concept and its potential implications through the views of politicians who represent some of the most importam politicaI parties in 11 European countries and who are therefore important opinion-makers. The main objective is to discern what politicians from the various countries and different types of politicai parties understand by populism and how they perceive the causes and implications of these phenomena in their countries, and, more broadly, in European and global contexts.
- Start Spreading the News: A Comparative Experiment on the Effects of Populist Communication on Political Engagement in Sixteen European CountriesPublication . Hameleers, Michael; Bos, Linda; Fawzi, Nayla; Reinemann, Carsten; Andreadis, Ioannis; Corbu, Nicoleta; Schemer, Christian; Schulz, Anne; Shaefer, Tamir; Aalberg, Toril; Axelsson, Sofia; Berganza, Rosa; Cremonesi, Cristina; Dahlberg, Stefan; de Vreese, Claes H.; Hess, Agnieszka; Kartsounidou, Evangelia; Kasprowicz, Dominika; Matthes, Joerg; Negrea-Busuioc, Elena; Ringdal, Signe; Salgado, Susana; Sanders, Karen; Schmuck, Desirée; Stromback, Jesper; Suiter, Jane; Boomgaarden, Hajo; Tenenboim-Weinblatt, Keren; Weiss-Yaniv, NaamaAlthough populist communication has become pervasive throughout Europe, many important questions on its political consequences remain unanswered. First, previous research has neglected the differential effects of populist communication on the Left and Right. Second, internationally comparative studies are missing. Finally, previous research mostly studied attitudinal outcomes, neglecting behavioral effects. To address these key issues, this paper draws on a unique, extensive, and comparative experiment in sixteen European countries (N = 15,412) to test the effects of populist communication on political engagement. The findings show that anti-elitist populism has the strongest mobilizing effects, and anti-immigrant messages have the strongest demobilizing effects. Moreover, national conditions such as the level of unemployment and the electoral success of the populist Left and Right condition the impact of populist communication. These findings provide important insights into the persuasiveness of populist messages spread throughout the European continent.
- Perceptions of Populism and the Media: A Qualitative Comparative Approach to Studying the Views of Journalists and PoliticiansPublication . Salgado, Susana; Stanyer, JamesThis chapter provides background on the methodological approach adopted in the study on politicians' and journalists' perceptions of populism in the next two chapters of this collection. One of the two chapters presents and discusses· politicians' perceptions (Salgado et al.) and the other, journalists' perceptions (Stanyer et al.). This research had several aims. The first was to understand populism from the perspective of politicians and journalists. Few, if any, studies have sought to try and understand the phenomenon from this standpoint. The second was to give voice to our data subjects, allowing them to express themselves in their own words, without constraint. And, third, was to determine the extent to which perceptions were shared (or not) across borders. Few, if any, studies have tried to understand this phenomenon in a comparative context. Our approach aims to identify the most commonly held views on populism in countries in different European regions and to explore the reasons underpinning those views. This type of research agenda has potential to further illustrate the relationships between populism and media, and between populism and democracy. The present chapter outlines the main procedures adopted in our approach to studying perceptions of populism. Before concluding with a summary on our findings, the chapter explains the main outcomes of the research and provides contextual data for the study, as well as providing insight into reasons for the methodological design adopted by our research approach. It also examines some of the challenges faced by comparative studies in gathering and analyzing qualitative data.
- Populism by the people: An analysis of online comments in Portugal and SpainPublication . Fernández-García, Belén; Salgado, SusanaThere exists a gap in research on populism which tends to focus on politicians rather than on the people. This research addresses that by assessing the prevalence of populism and analyses citizens’ populist discourse in online comments in Portugal and Spain. The methodological approach is based on quantitative content analysis and co-occurrence textual analysis. The main findings point to a similar salience of anti-elitism in both countries, despite the differ- ent levels of electoral success of populist parties. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the views of citizens in populism research.
- Populist actors as communicators or political actors as populist communicators: cross-national findings and perspectivesPublication . Stanyer, James; Salgado, Susana; Strömbäck, Jesper
- Journalists’ Perceptions of Populism and the Media: A Cross-National Study Based on Semi-Structured InterviewsPublication . Stanyer, James; Salgado, Susana; Bobba, Giuliano; Hajzer, Gergö; Hopmann, David N.; Hubé, Nicolas; Merkovity, Norbert; Özerim, Gökay; Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos; Sanders, Karen B.; Spasojevic, Dusan; Vochocova, Lenka