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- Impact of combined training with different exercise intensities on inflammatory and lipid markers in type 2 diabetes : a secondary analysis from a 1-year randomized controlled trialPublication . Magalhães, João P.; Santos, Diana A.; Correia, Inês; Hetherington-Rauth, Megan; Ribeiro, Rogério; Raposo, João F.; Matos, Andreia; Bicho, Manuel; Sardinha, Luís B.Background: Exercise is a well-accepted strategy to improve lipid and infammatory profle in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, the exercise intensity having the most benefts on lipids and infammatory markers in patients with T2DM remains unclear. We aimed to analyse the impact of a 1-year combined high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with resistance training (RT), and a moderate continuous training (MCT) with RT on infammatory and lipid profle in individuals with T2DM. Methods: Individuals with T2DM (n=80, aged 59 years) performed a 1-year randomized controlled trial and were randomized into three groups (control, n=27; HIIT with RT, n=25; MCT with RT, n=28). Exercise sessions were super‑ vised with a frequency of 3 days per week. Infammatory and lipid profles were measured at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Changes in infammatory and lipid markers were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Results: After adjusting for sex, age and baseline moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), we observed a time-by-group interaction for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both the MCT with RT (β=−0.70, p=0.034) and HIIT with RT (β=−0.62, p=0.049) groups, whereas, only the HIIT with RT group improved total cholesterol (β=−0.03, p=0.045) and LDL-C (β=−0.03, p=0.034), when compared to control. No efect was observed for C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble form of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor CD163 (sCD163), triglycerides and HDL-C in both groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Favorable adaptations on IL-6 were observed in both the HIIT and MCT combined with RT groups fol‑ lowing a long-term 1-year exercise intervention in individuals with T2DM. However, only the HIIT with RT prevented further derangement of total cholesterol and LDL-C, when compared to the control group. Therefore, in order to encourage exercise participation and improve infammatory profle, either exercise protocols may be prescribed, however, HIIT with RT may have further benefts on the lipid profle.
- Mediating role of physical fitness and fat mass on the associations between physical activity and bone health in youthPublication . Henriques-Neto, Duarte; Magalhães, João P.; Júdice, Pedro B.; Hetherington-Rauth, Megan; Peralta, Miguel; Marques, Adilson; Sardinha, Luís B.We aimed to assess if the relationship between VPA and bone health is simultaneously mediated by PF and fat mass in adolescents. Bone health was assessed by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in 412 participants (221 girls) aged 10–18 years. VPA was assessed by accelerometry and PF was measured using specific protocols from FITescola®. Fat mass (%) was assessed using two skinfolds (triceps and calf). Parallel mediation analysis was performed by Hayes’ PROCESS (V.3.3-model 4) for SPSS. We observed that in boys, handgrip mediated the associations of VPA with speed of sound on the third distal radius (R-SoS). While, speed at 20 m and handgrip mediated the relationship of VPA with speed of sound on the tibial midshaft (T-SoS). Body fat (%) only acted as a mediator when handgrip integrates the mediation model. For girls, the only mediating variable for the relationship between VPA and R-SoS or T-SoS was the PACER test. Handgrip, speed and fat mass (%) in boys, and cardiorespiratory fitness in girls mediates the relationships between VPA and bone health assessed by QUS. Promoting muscular fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness and decrease of fat mass through VPA in adolescents may be an important strategy to improve bone health.
- Vascular function after acute aerobic exercise in adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitusPublication . Marôco, João Luís; Arrais, Inês; Silvestre, Tiago; Pinto, Marco; Laranjo, Sergio; Magalhães, João P.; Santa-Clara, Helena; Fernhall, Bo; Melo, XavierIt is unknown whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) influences the vascular function response to aerobic exercise. We examined brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and flow-mediated slowing (FMS) of pulse wave velocity (PWV), 10-and 60-min after a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in adults with and without T2DM. Twelve older male adults with T2DM (57-84 years), and twenty-four healthy young and older adults (12 per group, aged 20-40 years and 57-76 years, respectively), completed an acute bout of HIIE, MICE, and a non-exercise condition. FMD was evaluated by the same researcher following standardized guidelines. FMS was calculated from the manufacturer's PWV beta formulas. Central arterial stiffness was estimated via carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV). %FMD was reduced (d= - 5.94%, 95% CI: - 10.50 to - 1.38%, p = 0.002), whereas %FMS increased (d = 4.55%, 95% CI: 0.62 to 8.48%, p = 0.01), 10-min after HIIE only in adults with T2DM, normalizing 60-min into recovery. Conversely, %FMD was increased (d = 5.33%, 95% CI: 0.76 to 9.89%, p = 0.009) 10-min after MICE only in adults with T2DM. cfPWV remained unchanged following HIIE and MICE in all groups. We report disease-associated vascular function responses to aerobic exercise suggesting both HIIE and MICE uncover transient vascular alterations in older adults with T2DM.