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- Effects of intermittent fasting on specific exercise performance outcomes: a systematic review including meta-analysisPublication . Correia, Joana Margarida; Santos, Inês; Pezarat-Correia, Pedro; Minderico, Cláudia; Vilhena De Mendonca, GoncaloIntermittent fasting (IF) has been studied in athletes during Ramadan and in those willing to decrease adiposity while maintaining or increasing lean body mass. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of IF on performance outcomes. We searched peer-reviewed articles in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Sport Discus (up to December 2019). Studies were selected if they included samples of adults (≥18 years), had an experimental or observational design, investigated IF (Ramadan and time-restricted feeding (TRF)), and included performance outcomes. Meta-analytical procedures were conducted when feasible. Twenty-eight articles met the eligibility criteria. Findings indicated that maximum oxygen uptake is significantly enhanced with TRF protocols (SMD = 1.32, p = 0.001), but reduced with Ramadan intermittent fasting (Ramadan IF; SMD = -2.20, p < 0.001). Additional effects of IF may be observed in body composition (body mass and fat mass). Non-significant effects were observed for muscle strength and anaerobic capacity. While Ramadan IF may lead to impairments in aerobic capacity, TRF may be effective for improving it. As there are few studies per performance outcome, more research is needed to move the field forward.
- Predictive equations to estimate peak aerobic capacity and peak heart rate in persons with Down syndromePublication . Vilhena De Mendonca, Goncalo; Santos, Inês; Fernhall, Bo; Baynard, TracyEstimations based on the available equations for predicting oxygen uptake (V̇o2) from treadmill speed of locomotion are not appropriate for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). We aimed at developing prediction models for peak absolute oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) and peak heart rate (HRpeak) based on retrospective data from a healthy population with and without Down syndrome (DS). A cross-sectional analysis of V̇o2peak and HRpeak was conducted in 196 and 187 persons with and without DS, respectively, aged from 16 to 45 yr. Nonexercise data alone versus combined with HRpeak were used to develop equations predictive of absolute V̇o2peak. Prediction equations for HRpeak were also developed. Two additional samples of participants (30 with, 29 without DS) enabled model cross-validation. Relative V̇o2peak and HRpeak were lowest for persons with DS across all ages (∼40% and 20 beats·min-1, respectively). For persons with DS, V̇o2peak predictions provided no differences compared with actual values. Predicted HRpeak was similar to actual values in both groups of participants. Large limits of agreement were obtained for V̇o2peak (DS: 735, non-DS: 558.2 mL·min-1) and HRpeak (DS: 24.8, non-DS: 16.6 beats·min-1). Persons with DS exhibit low levels of V̇o2peak and HRpeak in all age groups included in this study. It is possible to estimate absolute V̇o2peak in persons with DS using nonexercise variables. HRpeak can be accurately estimated in groups of people with and without DS. Yet, because of large limits of agreement, caution is advised if using these equations for individual estimations of V̇o2peak or HRpeak in either population.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data show that it is possible to estimate absolute peak oxygen uptake in persons with Down syndrome using nonexercise variables. Peak heart rate can also be accurately estimated in groups of people with and without Down syndrome. However, because of large limits of agreement, caution is advised if using these equations for individual estimations of peak oxygen uptake or peak heart rate in either population.
- Effects of Ramadan and non-Ramadan intermittent fasting on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysisPublication . Correia, Joana Margarida; Santos, Inês; Pezarat-Correia, Pedro; Silva, Analiza M; Vilhena De Mendonca, GoncaloIntermittent fasting (IF) has gained popularity for body-composition improvement purposes. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of Ramadan vs. non-Ramadan IF on parameters of body composition. We conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles in three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (published until May 2020). Studies were selected if they included samples of adults (≥18 years), had an experimental or observational design, investigated any type of IF and included body composition outcomes. Meta-analytical procedures were conducted when feasible. Sixty-six articles met the eligibility criteria. We found that non-Ramadan IF is effective for decreasing body weight (-0.341 (95% CI [-0.584, -0.098], p = 0.006), body mass index (-0.699, 95% CI [-1.05, -0.347], p < 0.001), and absolute fat mass (-0.447, 95% CI [-0.673, -0.221], p < 0.001). When contrasting pre- post-intervention data on fat-free mass between treatments and controls, group-differences were non-significant (p > 0.05). Conversely, we observed a significant increase in fat-free mass when comparing pre- to post-intervention in a within design fashion (0.306, 95% CI [0.133, 0.48], p = 0.001). Finally, despite being accompanied by dehydration, Ramadan IF is effective in decreasing body weight (-0.353; 95% CI [-0.651, -0.054], p = 0.02) and relative fat mass (-0.533; 95% CI [-1.025, -0.04], p = 0.034). Ramadan IF seems to implicate some beneficial adaptations in weight management, although non-Ramadan IF appears to be more effective in improving overall body composition.
- Effects of time-restricted feeding on supramaximal exercise performance and body composition: a randomized and counterbalanced crossover study in healthy menPublication . Correia, Joana Margarida; Santos, Inês; Pezarat-Correia, Pedro; Minderico, Cláudia; Schoenfeld, Brad J.; Vilhena De Mendonca, GoncaloUsing a crossover design, we explored the effects of both short- and long-term time-restricted feeding (TRF) vs. regular diet on Wingate (WnT) performance and body composition in well-trained young men. Twelve healthy male physical education students were included (age: 22.4 ± 2.8 years, height: 174.0 ± 7.1 cm, body mass: 73.6 ± 9.5 kg, body mass index: 24.2 ± 2.0 kg/m2). The order of dieting was randomized and counterbalanced, and all participants served as their own controls. TRF was limited to an 8-h eating window and non-TRF involved a customary meal pattern. Participants performed WnT tests and body composition scans at baseline, post-one and post-four weeks of the assigned diet. Before testing, participants were asked to fill out a dietary record over four consecutive days and were instructed to continue their habitual training throughout the study. Energy intake and macronutrient distribution were similar at baseline in both conditions. WnT mean power and total work output increased post-four weeks of TRF. Both conditions were similarly effective in increasing fat-free mass after four weeks of intervention. However, there was no correlation between change in fat-free mass and WnT mean power after TRF. TRF did not elicit any changes in WnT performance or body composition one week post-intervention. Thus, long-term TRF can be used in combination with regular training to improve supramaximal exercise performance in well-trained men.