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- Reginal income and expenditure: the household accounts of Maria of Castile and Aragon, Queen of Portugal, in 1501–1508Publication . Olaia, Inês; Rodrigues, Ana Maria S. A.This paper explores the only known surviving detailed economic register of a queen of Portugal’s expenses up to the early sixteenth century. Covering the early years of Maria of Castile and Aragon’s queenship (1501– 1508), the document gives extraordinary insight into the queen’s household and the management of her finances. The study conducted over the book allows us to become acquainted with some of Queen Maria’s ladies, officials, and servants, detect expenditure patterns, and get a glimpse of daily life at court, along with how the queen constructs her image, exercises her patronage and consolidates her authority. It is also possible to better understand how connected Portugal and Castile were, both economically and culturally, even before the Dual Monarchy.
- The poetics of dunesPublication . Freitas, Joana Gaspar de, 1978-This text is about the difficulties of writing a history of the dunes, which are not one thing, but many, that never stand still.
- Extending the DPSIR framework to analyse Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response of sand dune management in Manawatu-Whanganui (New Zealand) since the 19th centuryPublication . Sampath, Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Ruwan; Freitas, Joana Gaspar de, 1978-; Dias, João Alveirinho, 1947-Coastal sand dunes are multifunctional landscapes with rich biodiversity. In New Zealand, with the establishment of European settlement around 1840, dunes in the Manawatu-Whanganui region were affected due to the removal of their vegetation cover by human activities and animal grazing. As a result, sand drifted further inland affecting villages, infrastructure and agricultural areas. The main response was to introduce marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) used in Europe to stabilize dunes. This solution caused significant environmental impacts as marram grass turned invasive and native habitats of fauna and flora significantly decreased. This paper focused on the long-term analysis of aspects related to sand dune management in the region during two-time frames: 1) from the 19th to the late 20th century and 2) from then on to the early 21st century, using the innovative spiral DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework. Data for this study comes from historical records, scientific literature and present management reports. The integrated spiral framework allows for establishing the connections between historical and future management initiatives for mitigating and adapting to environmental impacts due to socio-economic drivers and their pressures. The study reinforces the paradigm shift from dune stabilization before the late 20th century to the restoration of stabilized dunes to make them active for enhancing native biodiversity should be again assessed in the context of sea-level rise during this century. Coastal managers should adopt an optimized solution between these two extreme solutions adopted from the 19th century to the present, by considering long-term and interdisciplinary analysis to better understand the systems’ evolution and the full consequences of human actions.
- The encroaching dunes of the portuguese coastPublication . Tudor, Florentina Mihaela; Ramos Pereira, Ana; Freitas, Joana Gaspar de, 1978Late Holocene dunes migration is intricately linked to climate change and anthropogenic actions. Along the Portuguese coast, large-scale sand drifts occurred between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, sometimes associated with the Little Ice Age (LIA) period, characterised by long-term cooling across the north Atlantic region. Primary historical sources, coupled with scientific data about paleoenvironmental conditions and OSL ages were used to analyse the spatial and temporal extent of the sand drift occurrences and explore their impact on coastal communities. Covering the period of the past millennium, the study describes the main drivers for drift events in Portugal. The results show the intensification of sand drift episodes after 1500 AD, which can be attributed to both natural forcing factors and human activities (e.g., agriculture and intensive deforestation). It is also clear that human pressure on dunes was dominant after 1800, when dunes fixing strategies through afforestation programmes were seen as the best solution to control sand encroachment. The negative impact of the drift-sands was an important trigger for the management of coastal areas and determinant for the implementation of a set of environmental policies in Portugal. Through a geohistorical perspective, the paper discloses the human-nature interactions over time, and the long-term efforts of governments to control natural processes, contributing to large-scale landscape transformation of the Portuguese coastal dunes.
- An analysis of coastal sand dune management in Oregon (United States) from the 19th to the 21st centuryPublication . Sampath, Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Ruwan; Freitas, Joana Gaspar de, 1978-; Dias, João Alveirinho, 1947-The Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was employed to understand the land use policies developed to manage coastal sand dunes and their consequences in Oregon, United States of America, during two contrasting periods: from the 19th to the late 20th century and from there to the early 21st century. A combination of historical data and scientific literature was used for this study. Dune destabilization became a socio-economic issue as Euro-Americans settled in Oregon in the 19th century. Ammophila arenaria and Ammophila breviligulata were widely used for stabilization. This led to a paradigm shift regarding dunes, at a time when their management was becoming more complex due to socio-natural factors. As non-native beachgrasses turned invasive causing the loss of biodiversity and habitats, their removal became the focus to restore the active dunes to support the natural processes of the ecosystem. However, the removal of these beachgrasses, particularly, Ammophila arenaria, results in low dune heights, increasing the risk of coastal flooding by reducing their effectiveness as a natural defense against sea-level rise and extreme storm surges. The reason for the contrasting dune management policies in Oregon since the 1930 s is that the management response to environmental impacts due to human drivers creates new drivers, pressures, and corresponding impacts, as shown in the DPSIR analysis.Thus, land use policies for managing coastal dunes in Oregon and other places must balance efforts to restore the native biodiversity while minimizing coastal flooding in a context of accelerating and continuous sea-level rise in the 21st century.
- Patchy anthropocoasts: a transdisciplinary perspective on dunes, plants, rabbits, and humans in the United KingdomPublication . Vina, Michael Angel, 1977-; Sampath, Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Ruwan; Freitas, Joana Gaspar de, 1978In recent years, there has been increasing societal awareness of the crucial role that coastal dunes play in protecting against rising sea levels, mitigating climate change impacts, promoting biodiversity, and providing recreational opportunities. In some regions, dune management has been particularly focused on biodiversity and ecosystem restoration and the presence of alien species on dunes raises concerns about how these species become 'native,' 'invasive,' or 'hybrids' and whether they belong in their new ecosystems. These concerns illustrate how certain animals and plants assume different statuses according to normative categories associated with varying objectives. This article explores how perceptions of coastal dunes in the UK have transformed over time, from marginal resource frontiers to highly valued environments shaped by multispecies relations. In addition, this work explores how dunes around the UK emerge as ‘patchy anthropocoasts,’ that is, uneven landscapes designed by human purposes linked to economic activities, conservation, rabbit populations, unwanted vegetation, and the control of unpredictable sand movements. Bringing together diverse historical materials and scientific literature, this article links human and nonhuman histories with present debates on dune restoration from a transdisciplinary perspective rooted in anthropology, environmental history, and the natural sciences.
- Democracy adrift and the trajectories of the political parties in São Tomé and PríncipePublication . Nascimento, AugustoSince 1990, within the framework of the representative democracy then endorsed in São Tomé and Príncipe, there has been open political competition between political parties. Representative democracy and parties are not realities averse to the prevailing cultural patterns on the islands. However, this does not mean that parties have a role consistent with the idealization, common among São Toméans, about what they should represent and do in a representative democracy. For example, the governance programs or even the number of militants are not always known. Nor do party programs, when made explicit, clearly distinguish the various parties. Despite the openness to the creation of new parties, mainly presidential initiatives, the party landscape has been characterized by opposition between the two largest parties, the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe, the historic independence party, and Independent Democratic Action , which in recent years has asserted itself as the dominant party. In this text, in addition to the summary characterization of the functioning and performance of the parties – sometimes, one-man parties –, an attempt is also made to characterize the free and open political competition in which the parties have moved from 1990 to the present day. Factors undermining democracy are highlighted, for example, the growing political and social entropy, discouragement and the feeling of loss of determination of individual and collective futures, and even temptations of authoritarian drifts. Strictly speaking, perhaps more than the erosion of democracy, we are witnessing the decantation of disbelief in the country, which contaminates all political action. Some politicians point out the need for changes in the parties, even for them to have a fruitful action, if not to achieve development, at least to contain impoverishment and greater social fissures. However, the hypothesis that parties will continue to replicate the practices and vices that lead to the gap between parties and society is more plausible, not to say accurate. Incidentally, the recent political history of the island highlights a set of purposes and actions, guided by acrimony and violence, averse to a minimum cohesion, which is why it is difficult to believe in overcoming the obstacles set for the pacification of political and social competition.
- History, citizenship and recent past in times of dictatorship: Portugal in an Iberian contextPublication . Matos, Sérgio CamposThe aim of this paper is to provide a contribution to the study of the conditions of production of Portuguese historiography in a context of restricted citizenship during the 20th century Iberian dictatorships, with particular emphasis on the complex relationship between present, past, and future expectations. At the fore of this paper is the case of the Portuguese dictatorships (1926-1974), while other national examples are recalled for comparative purposes. Different ways of establishing relations with time are observed, multiple temporalities experienced by different historians from different historical and political backgrounds. Taking into account several individuals - among others, V. Magalhães Godinho, António Borges Coelho and José Tengarrinha and in contrast, João Ameal and Alfredo Pimenta who were supporters of the regime -, to what extent did their life experiences marked by the imposed conditions of the dictatorial regimes restrain their work? How did they experience the tension between political engagement and historiographical practice? Organic historians tried to mobilize their nationals for apologetic and militant causes, assuming their partisanships. Others, more autonomous towards the authorities, inspired by the Annales or somehow marked by Marxism, expressed a tension between the demands of the historian’s work and the urge for political action. A tension between the historian’s professional ethics which demanded critical distance and the challenges posed by their civic duty.
- The agendas of the first New Christians in Israel and the Portuguese Empire (sixteenth century)Publication . Tavim, José Alberto Rodrigues da SilvaThis paper aims to reveal and interpret the messianic messages arising from the Inquisition of Évora (Portugal) trials against a group of first generation converts following the general expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1496 respectively. These messages point to a memorialist construction on the phenomenon of the expulsions of Jews from France until they reached Portugal. Consequentially, both their new status as Christians and the context of the Portuguese imperialist expansion are considered essential predestined stages for the meeting of the Lost Tribes and the final redemption. These messages also reveal a 'contamination' of other records, such as the famous *Toledot Yeshu* or the Christian or Jewish versions of the Story of Barlaam and Josafat, and must be overlooked in the context of other known (more or less) contemporary texts of a teleological nature.
- An ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’ around Notísias dos Judeos de Cochim by Mosseh Pereira de Paiva: A Land of GhostsPublication . Tavim, José Alberto R. SilvaThe Dutch East India Company (VOC) relied on the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam to ensure that the White or Paradesi Jews in Cochin were suitable to be their social and economic partners. The Portuguese Jews were interested in this partnership as well. Yet there was another group of Jews in Cochin. These were the Black or Malabari Jews. The relationships between the trading company and three distinct Jewish groups raise fundamental issues in terms of religious, social, and economic interactions. This article uses the Notísias (‘News’), written by Mosseh Pereyra de Paiva, the main member of the Amsterdam Portuguese Jewish delegation to Cochin, to show that there was an ideological basis for the social differentiation made between White or Paradesi Jews and Black or Malabari Jews. This categorization allowed Pereyra de Paiva to produce a text that both his co-religionists in Amsterdam and the Paradesi Jews who had welcomed him would see in a positive light.