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- Crony capitalism in Mozambique : evidence from networks of politicians and businessmenPublication . Chivangue, AndesThis paper discusses crony capitalism in Mozambique, by analysing the social networks that exist among political and economic players, using the SNA – Social Networks Analysis method. The variables are selected to identify cliques and the covariates that explain this network relationship are taken into account, namely military, ethnicity, family, politics, business, entrepreneurship, political party and gender. Policy implications are derived.
- Emigração e os pequenos estados insulares em vias de desenvolvimento : os casos de Cabo Verde e S. Tomé e PríncipePublication . Santo, Armindo do EspíritoAs remessas de emigrantes e ajuda pública ao desenvolvimento são dois tipos de fluxos que se combinam e estão cada vez mais presentes no dia-a-dia da generalidade dos pequenos países insulares, mormente daqueles que não dispõem de um recurso natural valioso. Um outro fluxo importante é o investimento direto estrangeiro. Esses fluxos externos são vitais ao desenvolvimento dos países em desenvolvimento em geral e, particularmente, dos pequenos Estados insulares (PEI) mas não têm em todos a mesma importância. As remessas de emigrantes são muito significativas no Haiti, no Lesoto, em Cabo Verde e em Benim enquanto em S. Tomé e Príncipe, por exemplo, é o IDE que tem sido crucial. Diferentemente de outros fluxos externos de desenvolvimento, as remessas dos migrantes revelam maior estabilidade e previsibilidade e são canalizadas diretamente para as famílias, que as afetam, prioritariamente, nas suas necessidades mais imediatas de consumo de bens e serviços contribuindo, deste modo, para a redução da pobreza no país de origem dos migrantes. Os argumentos a favor e contra as remessas e a discussão dos efeitos das remessas no crescimento económico contribuíram para vincar a relevância das remessas nos pequenos países em desenvolvimento. Mas em certos PEIVD, uma percentagem importante dos emigrantes na população total corresponde a remessas relativamente pequenas ou irrisórias, pelo que parece haver aqui razões culturais, para além das económicas, a influenciar um menor envio das remessas, como ocorre no caso de S. Tomé e Príncipe. A análise comparada mostra que a economia de Cabo Verde depende das remessas de migrantes para o seu desenvolvimento enquanto a de S. Tomé Príncipe depende do IDE. Como as remessas são vitais para os PEIVD, torna-se essencial a adoção de estratégias que visem atrair mais remessas de emigrantes para a sua economia.
- A justiça num estado frágil : o exemplo da Guiné-BissauPublication . Santos, António Furtado dos; Sangreman, Carlos; Martins, Luís VazO estudo “A Justiça num Estado frágil: o exemplo da Guiné-Bissau” debruçou-se sobre as variáveis que delimitam a qualidade da Justiça com aplicação na Guiné-Bissau com consulta aos autores que debatem o tema nas revistas e organismos internacionais, bem como de alguns projetos sobre o tema no Canadá, EUA e Holanda. Concluiu-se a partir de entrevistas, análise de processos e de documentos legais, estudos realizados anteriormente e documentos internos ao setor, que a qualidade da Justiça se pode considerar fraca e que as causas dessa debilidade e as recomendações para melhorar têm de incidir sobre todo um conjunto de variáveis. Se é correto considerar que as más condições físicas de trabalho (edifícios, equipamentos, tecnologia, energia, consumíveis, segurança) constituem uma base muito clara para esse baixo nível qualitativo, também ficamos com a certeza que estão longe de serem as únicas causas. O conjunto de causalidades requer ação de todos os intervenientes desde os magistrados aos funcionários judiciais, aos advogados e ao próprio Ministério da tutela e são múltiplas como foi ilustrado no texto. Se a reforma é urgente a perceção que temos é que o entendimento entre os intervenientes continua difícil e julgamos que mesmo as medidas aqui propostas, mais simples e menos numerosas que o Plano de Reforma da Justiça, poderiam ser o conjunto de prioridades que, necessitando de uma grande motivação, habilidade e bom senso de todas as partes, permitiria criar consensos para uma reforma abrangente que cumprisse a evidência do país ter uma Justiça de mais qualidade de acordo com os objetivos que qualquer governo legítimo deseja proporcionar à sua população.
- An analysis of Mozambique’s political and economic networksPublication . Chivangue, Andes; Cortez, EdsonThis paper analyses the social networks existing among politicians and economists in contemporary Mozambique, using the SNA-Social Networks Analysis method to identify the links between these individuals, to discern their relationships and to measure both the density and the centrality of the political-business network. Mozambique’s political and business elite is thus identified. A network sociogram is presented identifying the individual position in the network and the linkages among these individuals and several positional metrics of the individuals in the network are estimated, allowing identifying each individual and its influence in the network. As this network is resource accumulation driven, this exercise permits to identify the main political and economic individual active in Mozambique economy. President Guebuza define the major network centre and other individuals, Joaquim Chissano, the former president, and Graça Machel, the widow of another former president. Policy implications are derived and the links between them displayed, allowing for an accurate view of Mozambique’s political and business world.
- New silk road : trade and investment. perspectives for eu and new partnershipsPublication . Ilhéu, FernandaChina has already given a fundamental contribution to the present globalization process and have also highly benefited from it by integrating becoming the final stage of the Global Chains Production networks in Asia. This process in China was the result of a survival economic strategy that saw in the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment in intensive low cost workmanship oriented to exports, a fundamental condition to overpass it´s millenary delay. This strategy accepted that the add value that remain in China, although very small was very important to give jobs to millions of Chinese and take them out of the absolute poverty line where they were in 1978 when Deng Xiao Ping launch the 4 Modernizations and the Open Door Policies. Other policies token during the first 30 years of the China Economic Reform, like the Grasp the Big Let Go the Small, the Socialist Market Economy, the Go West and the Go Global were equally important transforming Chinese economy in the second world biggest one. This first globalization stage had its big push in 2001 when China joined the WTO we can say that a new world economic order had begun in that date, placing China in the center of the world.
- Segurança alimentar e nutricional global : evolução conceptual, desafios atuais e indicadores de medidaPublication . Brissos, SusanaEste artigo pretende fazer uma síntese da evolução histórica do conceito de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional à escala global, desde o seu surgimento no início do século XX, relacionado com a preocupação dos países em assegurar a suficiente disponibilidade de alimentos para a sua população, até à sua conceptualização atual que lhe reconhece diferentes dimensões e coloca a ênfase no acesso aos alimentos e no direito dos indivíduos a uma alimentação adequada. Apresenta-se, assim, uma descrição da evolução das estratégias globais adotadas visando a garantia da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, evidenciando o deslocamento do seu foco do produto (oferta) para o indivíduo (procura), bem como de um nível de análise macro (global e nacional) para o nível micro (do agregado familiar e do indivíduo). Procura-se ainda ilustrar alguns dos desafios que se colocam aos sistemas alimentares globais na atualidade e que vêm questionar o significado do conceito de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e o seu modelo de prossecução para o futuro, nomeadamente, as questões colocadas pelos defensores dos modelos de Soberania Alimentar ou de Sustentabilidade Alimentar. Finalmente, são apresentados alguns dos indicadores usados na avaliação ou medição da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional ou, em sentido inverso, da Insegurança Alimentar, quer ao nível global e nacional (macro), quer ao nível do agregado familiar ou do indivíduo (micro), referindo-se aqueles que são comummente utilizados em Portugal.
- 'Policy externalisation' inherent failure : international financial institutions' conditionality in developing countriesPublication . Sindzingre, Alice NicoleConditionalities – i.e. ‘exchanging finance for policy reform’ in an asymmetrical relationship between the ‘donor’ and the ‘recipient’ – are central mechanisms of the reform programmes of international financial institutions (IFIs). As they are imposed by outside entities, they can also be viewed as ‘policy externalisation’, which is paradoxically a massive intrusion in the shaping of a country’s domestic policies. The resilience of such devices is remarkable, however. Indeed, in the early 1980s, many developing countries were facing balance of payments difficulties and called upon these international financial institutions for financial relief. In exchange for this relief, they devised economic reforms (fiscal, financial, monetary), which were the conditions for their lending. These reforms were not associated with better economic performance, and this led the IFIs to devise in the 1990s different reforms, which this time targeted the functioning of the government and its ‘governance’, economic problems being explained by governments’ characteristics (e.g., rent-seekers). The paper demonstrates the limitations of the device of conditionality, which is a crucial theoretical and policy issue given its stability across time and countries. These limitations stem from: i) the concept of conditionality per se - the mechanism of exchanging finance for reform; ii) the contents of the prescribed reforms given developing countries economic structure (typically commodity-based export structures) and the weakness of the concept of ‘governance’ in view of these countries’ political economies; and iii) the intrinsic linkages between economic and political conditionalities, whose limitations thus retroact on each other, in particular regarding effectiveness and credibility.
- The global crisis and unconventional monetary policy : ECB versus FedPublication . Tuckwell, Carolina; Mendonça, AntónioIn the aftermath of the global economic and financial crisis, which broke-out in 2007, the major central banks started implementing so-called unconventional monetary policy measures. Following a fundamentally qualitative methodology, the aim of this paper is to compare the unconventional measures adopted by the ECB and the Fed, assessing their characteristics and also their impacts on the economy.
- Environmental safeguard and sustainable development : an insight into payments for ecosystem servicesPublication . Belluomini, DarioThis paper present a thorough reflection on Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs, which may be viewed as the most innovative tools of the ‘environmental policy toolkit’. These are incentive-based mechanisms, compensating landowners to manage the natural resources under their control in a sustainable way (generating environmental services such as biodiversity protection and ecotourism), instead of clearing land or excessively exploiting their natural resources. After briefly discussing the most significant findings in the environment and development research stream, we will present how the roots of PES lie in public economic theory, with regard in particular to environmental externalities. Later, after debating the proper definition of PES and its main concepts (e.g. additionality, perverse incentives, conditionality), we shall also comment the main case-studies on the topic, in order to provide clear examples of how these instruments may be applied in several different context (i.e. both in developing and developed countries, either by public or private agents). As it shall be shown, given their high adaptability to local conditions, PES are likely to become extremely important in next decades’ environment safeguard interventions.
- Environmental safeguard and sustainable development : an insight into payments for ecosystem servicesPublication . Belluomini, DarioThis paper present a thorough reflection on Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs, which may be viewed as the most innovative tools of the ‘environmental policy toolkit’. These are incentive-based mechanisms, compensating landowners to manage the natural resources under their control in a sustainable way (generating environmental services such as biodiversity protection and ecotourism), instead of clearing land or excessively exploiting their natural resources. After briefly discussing the most significant findings in the environment and development research stream, we will present how the roots of PES lie in public economic theory, with regard in particular to environmental externalities. Later, after debating the proper definition of PES and its main concepts (e.g. additionality, perverse incentives, conditionality), we shall also comment the main case-studies on the topic, in order to provide clear examples of how these instruments may be applied in several different context (i.e. both in developing and developed countries, either by public or private agents). As it shall be shown, given their high adaptability to local conditions, PES are likely to become extremely important in next decades’ environment safeguard interventions.