Browsing by Author "Godinho, Manuel Mira"
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- Analyzing the evidence of an IPR take-off in China and IndiaPublication . Godinho, Manuel Mira; Ferreira, VitorBoth China and India have been experiencing a historical take-off in the use of intellectual property rights (IPR). In terms oftrademark applications filed with domestic IP offices in 2009,the evidence demonstrates that China now ranks 1st worldwide and India 5th, while for patent filings China ranks 3rd worldwide and India ranks 9th. This performance is remarkable as both China and India experienced negligible demand for IPR protection as recently as two decades ago. The IPR take up trends in these two countries are analyzed in detail, highlighting the structure of patent and trademark demand since 1990. Specifically, the available series are broken down and analyzed according to: (i) national versus foreign origin of patents and trademarks;(ii) technological (IPC) and trademark (NICE) classes; and (iii)the major individual patent users in each country. The data used refers to applications in the Chinese and Indian IP offices although the demand from residents of these two countries in both the international and other national systems is also assessed. Beyond the existing momentum in IPR registrations by China and India and their capacity to maintain it into the near future, the paper addresses practical questions about the strategies, motives and benefits behind the current trends. In particular, we seek to evaluate the capacity of both China’s and India’s National Innovation Systems to internalize the potential returns of this increasing demand for IPR. The insight reached finds that should both China and India sustain their current IPR growth rates, they will be able to catch up with the most advanced economies within the time span of a few decades
- Appropriating the returns of patent statistics. Take-up and development in the wake of Zvi GrilichesPublication . Mendonça, Sandro; Confraria, Hugo; Godinho, Manuel MiraThree decades after the publication of Zvi Griliches’ (1990) influential survey on “Patent statistics as economic indicators”, the uses and limitations of patent statistics remain a core issue in the field of innovation studies. This paper follows through Griliches’ seminal work to understand how the literature using patents as an empirical resource developed over time. How has this indicator been adopted and how has it been adapted to different research challenges? We address this question by examining the citation tree of nearly 2000 articles published in almost 400 journals found to refer to Griliches’ seminal contribution between 1990 and 2019. We combine bibliometric techniques and qualitative analysis to provide a close-up moving picture of patents as a data resource: growth and variety of usage, impact on disciplines and journals, driving institutions and geographies, major topics and research issues. We find that five main themes emerge: 1) Economic growth; 2) Geography of innovation; 3) Innovation management/performance; 4) Pat-methods; and 5) Green innovation. Shouldered by these findings, we discuss potential pathways for future patent-based research.
- Are the dynamics of knowledge-based industries any different?Publication . Mamede, Ricardo; Mota, Daniel; Godinho, Manuel MiraThe concept of «knowledge-based industries» has been widely used both in academic circles and in policy-making over the last decade. The OECD (1999) has defined such industries as ones which are relatively intensive in their inputs of technology and/or human capital. This definition includes not only those manufacturing industries that are found to be highly dependent on R&D inputs, but also a number of service activities that are intensive users of high technology and/or have the relatively highly skilled workforce required to fully benefit from technological innovation. This paper has compared the dynamics of knowledge-based industries (KBIs) with the universe of all market-oriented industries in Portugal between 1995 and 2000. Our main goal was to discuss the extent to which KBIs differ from other industries in relation to some basic stylised facts and regularities (concerning firm entry, and post-entry growth and survival) which have been identified in a number of previous studies.
- Assessment and challenges of industrial policies in PortugalPublication . Godinho, Manuel Mira; Mamede, Ricardo Paes; Simões, VitorLike most developed countries, the Portuguese economy was severely hit by the international crisis of 2008-2009, with GDP at constant prices dropping 2,9% in 2009 and unemployment increasing by 2,1 percentage points (p.p.) in the same year, affecting 10,6% of the workforce. As a combined result of the decrease in tax revenues, the rise in social transfers and, to a lesser extent, the countercyclical measures adopted by the government, gross public debt increased by 12 p.p., reaching 84% of the GDP in 2009. As we have discussed in this chapter, Portugal urgently needs to enhance the competitive performance of its economy it the world markets, in order to reduce its external imbalances and improve the prospects for a sustainable improvement of living conditions. Such goal can hardly be achieved without upgrading the specialization profile of the economy, towards more sophisticated, tradable products. While some of the ‘structural reforms’ implemented under the adjustment program agreed in 2011 with the troika of international creditors (the IMF, the ECB, and European Commission) may have a role in improving the cost-competitiveness of the 17 country, this is probably insufficient – or even counter-productive – for inducing the necessary changes. Clearly put, Portugal should not dismiss the role of policies which specifically aim at enhancing productivity through structural change.
- Assessment and challenges of industrial policies in PortugalPublication . Godinho, Manuel Mira; Mamede, Ricardo Paes; Simões, Vítor CoradoLike most developed countries, the Portuguese economy was severely hit by the international crisis of 2008-2009, with GDP at constant prices dropping 2,9% in 2009 and unemployment increasing by 2,1 percentage points (p.p.) in the same year, affecting 10,6% of the workforce. As a combined result of the decrease in tax revenues, the rise in social transfers and, to a lesser extent, the countercyclical measures adopted by the government, gross public debt increased by 12 p.p., reaching 84% of the GDP in 2009. As we have discussed in this chapter, Portugal urgently needs to enhance the competitive performance of its economy it the world markets, in order to reduce its external imbalances and improve the prospects for a sustainable improvement of living conditions. Such goal can hardly be achieved without upgrading the specialization profile of the economy, towards more sophisticated, tradable products. While some of the ‘structural reforms’ implemented under the adjustment program agreed in 2011 with the troika of international creditors (the IMF, the ECB, and European Commission) may have a role in improving the cost-competitiveness of the 17 country, this is probably insufficient – or even counter-productive – for inducing the necessary changes. Clearly put, Portugal should not dismiss the role of policies which specifically aim at enhancing productivity through structural change.
- Business incubators as a technological infrastructure for supporting small innovative firms’ activitiesPublication . Vedovello, C.; Godinho, Manuel MiraIn recent years, the subject of technological infrastructures has commanded increasing interest from several socio-economic and political segments, including policy-makers, development agents, entrepreneurs, academic and research communities. The focus of industrial and innovation policies has been gradually shifting away from the exclusive or dominant use of direct instruments of support to other more indirect forms of assistance. In order to improve the competitive environment of firms, huge amounts of money have been pouring into the building and reinforcing of technological infrastructures. Among the infrastructures that have been stimulated, business incubators seem to be a possible policy tool aiming at the constant increment of firms’ competitiveness and economic development, through the promotion of technology-based entrepreneurship, diversification of productive activities and the generation and diffusion of innovation in the economy. Incubators have been implemented all over the world, putting together several social actors and their different sets of purposes and objectives. As a consequence, they have also generated a high level of political and economic expectations in relation to their performance. This paper aims to contextualise and systematise the available information and knowledge on incubators as a technological infrastructure and policy tool, providing background information for the whole set of papers of this Special Issue of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management on ‘Business incubators and SMEs: policy and determinants for their success’.
- A comercialização da investigação científica na periferia : Desafios na utilização do patenteamento por instituições de investigação em PortugalPublication . Pereira, Tiago Santos; Mendonça, Sandro; Godinho, Manuel MiraEm face da crescente ênfase associada à comercialização dos resultados da investigação científica, o recurso ao registo de direitos de propriedade industrial (PI) sobre estes resultados tem sido particularmente incentivada em diversos contextos internacionais. Seguindo em grande parte os passos desenvolvidos nos EUA, onde a Lei Bayh-Dole se tornou um marco, diversos países e instituições têm vindo a incentivar o recurso ao patenteamento nas instituições de investigação. Ainda que em oposição ao tradicional carácter público da investigação o patenteamento neste contexto apresenta-se como um mecanismo para aumentar a difusão do conhecimento, garantindo uma melhor identificação de resultados científicos com potencial comercial directo. No entanto, esta ênfase na privatização do conhecimento tem também consequências eventualmente nefastas à prática científica, e à produção de novos conhecimentos, como tem sido defendido por alguns autores
- Conhecimentos tradicionais e propriedade intelectualPublication . Pinto, Miguel Correia; Godinho, Manuel MiraCom os avanços nos domínios da biotecnologia registados nas décadas mais recentes, os conhecimentos tradicionais tornaram-se importantes inputs bioinformacionais para a inovação. Neste contexto, a relação entre aqueles conhecimentos tradicionais e a propriedade intelectual adquiriu o estatuto de "tema quente". A sexta conferência das partes da convenção sobre a biodiversidade biológica, que decorreu em Haia, em Abril de 2002, equacionou a hipótese de estabelecimento de um quadro normativo sobre este assunto. O presente artigo considera o interesse e possíveis contornos de um tal quadro normativo. Na impossibilidade de aplicação dos mecanismos existentes, há que encontrar uma regulamentação internacional apropriada que simultaneamente garanta a protecção desses conhecimentos e a sua difusão — impedindo a apropriação abusiva por parte de grandes companhias de base biotecnológica e facilitando o acesso em condições justas aos referidos conhecimentos.
- Convergência e mudança estrutural no âmbito dos «países da coesão»Publication . Godinho, Manuel Mira; Mamede, Ricardo Pais
- Convergência e mudança estrutural no âmbito dos 'países da coesão'Publication . Godinho, Manuel Mira; Mamede, Ricardo PaisNo presente trabalho discute-se o processo de convergência dos vários «países da coesão» com os padrões comunitários mais avançados, tendo em conta os níveis de rendimentos per capita e da produtividade do trabalho. Mais especificamente, são analisadas as diferentes trajectórias de crescimento destes países, distinguindo em cada caso o contributo relativo de dois tipos de processos: a mudança estrutural (entendida enquanto alteração do peso relativo dos vários sectores de actividade nas economias em causa) e o aumento da produtividade em cada sector (ou grupo de sectores). O problema implícito prende-se com a discussão de esse aumento da produtividade poder ou não ocorrer num contexto de ausência ou fraco grau de mudança estrutural.