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Magnetic nanoparticles in diagnostics: a review of recent advances
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As nanopartículas magnéticas (MNPs) têm sido estudadas para fins diagnósticos durante décadas. As suas características, nomeadamente, alta proporção superfície-volume, dispersibilidade, capacidade de interagirem com várias moléculas e propriedades superparamagnéticas estão no cerne do que torna as MNPs tão promissoras. As MNPs também podem ser revestidas com moléculas orgânicas ou inorgânicas, permitindo a síntese de nanopartículas que sofrem menor degradação e toxicidade. Têm sido utilizadas numa infinidade de áreas da medicina, no entanto, esta revisão terá foco sobre ressonância magnética (MRI), a mais comum, e separação magnética. MRI é uma técnica de imagem não invasiva, segura, eficaz e muito utilizada para o diagnóstico de várias patologias. Separação magnética é uma técnica promissora para o isolamento rápido e eficaz de determinadas biomoléculas (DNA, proteínas) ou células a partir de amostras complexas. As nanopartículas de óxido de ferro (IONPs) são as melhor aceites devido às suas excelentes propriedades superparamagnéticas e baixa toxicidade. Várias IONPs já se encontram aprovadas para uso clínico ou em ensaios clínicos. No entanto, as IONPs enfrentam muitos desafios que dificultam a sua entrada no mercado, principalmente na área de imagiologia, devido, em grande parte, à competição com os agentes de contraste de gadolínio habitualmente utilizados. Para superar esses desafios, a pesquisa científica tem-se focado no desenvolvimento de MNPs com melhores propriedades magnéticas e perfis de segurança. Por exemplo, a dopagem de MNPs com vários outros elementos metálicos (cobalto, manganês) permite reduzir o teor de ferro libertado para o corpo, ou transmitir propriedades que permitem a obtenção de nanopartículas polivalentes/multimodais. Outra abordagem inclui o desenvolvimento de MNPs usando outros metais, além do ferro, que possuam excelentes propriedades magnéticas ou outras úteis em imagiologia. No entanto, mais estudos de toxicidade devem ser realizados para validar a sua segurança. O futuro parece ser a produção de MNPs enquanto plataformas polivalentes que podem combinar a sua utilização em ressonância magnética ou em diferentes técnicas de imagem para o estabelecimento de testes de diagnóstico mais eficazes e completos.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been studied for diagnostic purposes for decades. Their high surface-to-volume ratio, dispersibility, ability to interact with various molecules and superparamagnetic properties are at the core of what makes MNPs so promising. They can also be coated with organic or inorganic molecules, a strategy that has been very successful in developing nanoparticles that suffer less degradation and show decreased toxicity. They have been applied in a multitude of areas in medicine, however, this review will focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic separation, particularly the former since it is the most common application. MRI is a non-invasive, safe, effective and very commonly used imaging technique for the diagnosis of various pathologies. Magnetic separation refers to the process in which biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins, or cells are isolated from a complex sample (blood or exudates) using MNPs that specifically bind to them and then separate from the remaining sample using a magnetic field. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are the most well accepted based on their excellent superparamagnetic properties and low toxicity. In fact, many IONPs have been approved for clinical use or in clinical trials. Nevertheless, IONPs are facing many challenges that difficult their entry in the market, especially in the field of imaging due to, in great part, the competition with the commonly utilized gadolinium (Gd) contrast agents. To overcome these challenges, research has focused on developing MNPs with better safety profiles and enhanced magnetic properties. One particularly important strategy includes doping MNPs (particularly IONPs) with various other metallic elements, such as cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), to reduce the iron (Fe) content released into the body and add on their unique properties to create multimodal nanoparticles. Another approach includes the development of MNPs using other metals, besides Fe, that possess great magnetic or other imaging properties. Nevertheless, more toxicity studies must be conducted to assure their safety. The future of this field seems to be the production of MNPs which can be used as multipurpose platforms that can combine different uses of MRI or different imaging techniques to create more effective and complete diagnostic tests.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been studied for diagnostic purposes for decades. Their high surface-to-volume ratio, dispersibility, ability to interact with various molecules and superparamagnetic properties are at the core of what makes MNPs so promising. They can also be coated with organic or inorganic molecules, a strategy that has been very successful in developing nanoparticles that suffer less degradation and show decreased toxicity. They have been applied in a multitude of areas in medicine, however, this review will focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic separation, particularly the former since it is the most common application. MRI is a non-invasive, safe, effective and very commonly used imaging technique for the diagnosis of various pathologies. Magnetic separation refers to the process in which biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins, or cells are isolated from a complex sample (blood or exudates) using MNPs that specifically bind to them and then separate from the remaining sample using a magnetic field. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are the most well accepted based on their excellent superparamagnetic properties and low toxicity. In fact, many IONPs have been approved for clinical use or in clinical trials. Nevertheless, IONPs are facing many challenges that difficult their entry in the market, especially in the field of imaging due to, in great part, the competition with the commonly utilized gadolinium (Gd) contrast agents. To overcome these challenges, research has focused on developing MNPs with better safety profiles and enhanced magnetic properties. One particularly important strategy includes doping MNPs (particularly IONPs) with various other metallic elements, such as cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), to reduce the iron (Fe) content released into the body and add on their unique properties to create multimodal nanoparticles. Another approach includes the development of MNPs using other metals, besides Fe, that possess great magnetic or other imaging properties. Nevertheless, more toxicity studies must be conducted to assure their safety. The future of this field seems to be the production of MNPs which can be used as multipurpose platforms that can combine different uses of MRI or different imaging techniques to create more effective and complete diagnostic tests.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Magnetic nanoparticles Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic separation Irion oxide nanoparticles Multimodal imaging Mestrado integrado - 2021