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Cigarros eletrónicos: efeitos na saúde humana
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Os cigarros eletrónicos, ou e-cigarros, surgem no início do século XXI como uma nova forma de consumo de nicotina. A sua inovação prende-se com a produção de vapores supostamente mais inócuos, com menor concentração de substâncias adversas, sem comprometer a sensação de fumar. Ao longo dos últimos anos os cigarros eletrónicos têm vindo a ganhar popularidade, nomeadamente porque são vistos como uma possível opção menos prejudicial à saúde e porque seriam uma forma de ajudar na redução do consumo de cigarros convencionais. Deste modo, têm vindo a ser feitos diversos estudos no sentido de identificar os potenciais riscos para a saúde dos utilizadores, bem como para a das pessoas que os rodeiam. Apesar de ainda existirem lacunas na informação relativa aos efeitos adversos causados pelos e-cigarros, sabe-se que estes são capazes de provocar diversos problemas de saúde, tanto a nível pulmonar - estando associados a bronquite crónica e fibrose quística - como a nível cardiovascular, podendo alterar o perfil lipídico dos seus utilizadores. Além disto, podem provocar resistência à insulina, despoletando quadros de diabetes mellitus tipo II; alterações no sistema nervoso central (SNC) e originar ainda tumores ao nível da bexiga e pulmões. Os e-cigarros acarretam igualmente riscos para terceiros, inclusivamente para as crianças. Devido aos aromatizantes e cores apelativas, podem levar à ingestão dos e-líquidos, sendo a causa de inúmeros casos de intoxicação por nicotina nos últimos anos. Embora sejam utilizados em larga escala para ajudar no combate ao tabagismo, os e-cigarros não estão aprovados pelas autoridades competentes como uma forma de terapia de evicção tabágica, pelo que devem ser utilizados apenas em último caso, após tentativas com adesivos transdérmicos, entre outras terapias aprovadas.
Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, emerged at the beggining of the 21st century as a new form of nicotine consumption. Its innovation is related to the production of supposedly more innocuous vapours, with a lower concentration of adverse substances, without compromising the smoking sensation. Over the last few years, electronic cigarettes have been gaining popularity, mainly because they are seen as a less harmful option and because they would be a way to help reduce the consumption of conventional cigarettes. Thus, several studies have been carried out in order to identify potential health risks for users, as well as for those around them. Although there are still gaps in the information regarding the adverse effects caused by e-cigarettes, it is known that they are capable of causing several health problems, both at the pulmonary level – being associated with chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis – and at the cardiovascular level, they can change the lipid profile of its users. In addition, they can cause insulin resistance, triggering type II diabetes mellitus; changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and also lead to tumours in the bladder and lungs. E cigarettes also pose risks for others, including children. Due to the flavourings and appealing colours, they can lead to the ingestion of e-liquids, being the cause of countless cases of nicotine intoxication in the last years. Although they are used on a large scale to help smoking cessation, e-cigarettes are not approved by the competent authorities as a form of smoking cessation therapy, so they should only be used as a last resort, after attempts with transdermal patches among other approved therapies.
Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, emerged at the beggining of the 21st century as a new form of nicotine consumption. Its innovation is related to the production of supposedly more innocuous vapours, with a lower concentration of adverse substances, without compromising the smoking sensation. Over the last few years, electronic cigarettes have been gaining popularity, mainly because they are seen as a less harmful option and because they would be a way to help reduce the consumption of conventional cigarettes. Thus, several studies have been carried out in order to identify potential health risks for users, as well as for those around them. Although there are still gaps in the information regarding the adverse effects caused by e-cigarettes, it is known that they are capable of causing several health problems, both at the pulmonary level – being associated with chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis – and at the cardiovascular level, they can change the lipid profile of its users. In addition, they can cause insulin resistance, triggering type II diabetes mellitus; changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and also lead to tumours in the bladder and lungs. E cigarettes also pose risks for others, including children. Due to the flavourings and appealing colours, they can lead to the ingestion of e-liquids, being the cause of countless cases of nicotine intoxication in the last years. Although they are used on a large scale to help smoking cessation, e-cigarettes are not approved by the competent authorities as a form of smoking cessation therapy, so they should only be used as a last resort, after attempts with transdermal patches among other approved therapies.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Cigarro eletrónico E-cigarro Cigarro convencional Nicotina Cessação tabágica Efeitos na saúde Mestrado integrado -2021