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As investigações psicológicas, que têm por objeto o crescimento e a evolução pessoal das crianças, têm manifestado que o carinho, a ternura e os afetos parentais apresentam a mesma relevância para a maturação dos menores que a atenção que deve ser despendida na satisfação das suas necessidades físicas, despertando o desafeto ou a inadequada difusão de amor, pelos pais, fortes prejuízos na personalidade das crianças ainda em desenvolvimento. Com o presente estudo visa-se contemplar, de uma ótica jurídica, as implicações do abandono afetivo parental, atendendo à dogmática do Direito das Crianças. Com isto, torna-se cristalino que a temática carece, imperativamente, de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, consistindo a Psicologia numa forte aliada no caminho a ser percorrido, pois apenas os conhecimentos e saberes conquistados por aquela ciência humana, em especial no que concerne aos danos derivados da ausência, insuficiência e inadequação de afetos parentais, podem proporcionar um verdadeiro entendimento da pertinência que deve ser atribuída pelo Direito à figura em questão. Dominada a significância do tema em mãos, há que contextualizar juridicamente o abandono afetivo parental, concluindo-se, perante o quadro legal atinente às responsabilidades parentais, que o fenómeno relaciona-se diretamente com o poder-dever de educação, na medida em que este atribui aos pais a função de promover o pleno e são desenvolvimento da pessoa do filho. Não concedendo os pais habilmente os afetos indispensáveis à correta maturação pessoal da sua prole configura-se um incumprimento do poder-dever de educação, dado que as imperfeições na transmissão de amor parental constituírem um entrave à acertada maturação da personalidade das crianças. Desta conjuntura resulta, desde logo, a suscetibilidade de ser decretada a inibição das responsabilidades parentais do progenitor prevaricador ou de serem aplicadas providências judiciais limitativas das responsabilidades parentais com vista a proteção da pessoa do filho. Sob outra perspetiva, a legislação referente à proteção e à promoção dos direitos das crianças considera que estas encontram-se numa situação de perigo quando não recebem os cuidados ou a afeição adequados à sua idade e situação pessoal, sendo então legitimada o desencadeamento de uma intervenção protetiva perante as hipóteses de abandono afetivo parental e, como tal, levanta-se a possibilidade de serem aplicadas as medidas de promoção dos direitos e de proteção das crianças e dos jovens em perigo previstas na mencionada legislação.
Por último, não se pode deixar de explorar a atuação da responsabilidade civil (por abandono afetivo) no domínio das relações familiares, conduzindo a negação da doutrina da fragilidade dos direitos familiares pessoais à conceção de que o progenitor que provoque lesões a direitos de personalidade do seu filho, no seguimento da inobservância das responsabilidades parentais, não se encontra eximido de ter que indemnizar o descendente em primeiro grau pelos danos que este haja sofrido.
Aparenta que nem todas as reações jurídicas, perante o abandono afetivo parental, serão propícias para fomentar, no caso concreto, o desenvolvimento da personalidade da criança que se encontra privada dos afetos parentais imprescindíveis para o seu crescimento e maturação pessoal. Cabe verdadeiramente tirar proveito da articulação existente entre o Direito das Crianças e a Psicologia, de modo a determinar a melhor solução para as crianças vítimas desta leviandade afetiva por parte dos seus pais.
Psychological investigations, focused on the growth and personal development of children, have shown that parental love and affections have the same relevance for the maturation of minors as the attention that must be spent in satisfying their physical needs, leading the absence of such affection or its inadequate diffusion, by parents, to strong impairments in the personality of children still in development. The present study is aimed at contemplating, from a legal point of view, the implications of emotional neglect by parents, attending the legal-dogmatic of Child Law. With this, it becomes crystal clear that the subject imperatively needs an interdisciplinary approach, being Psychology a strong ally in the path to be covered, since only the knowledge gained by that human science, especially with regard to damages derived from the absence, insufficiency and inadequacy of parental affections, can provide a true understanding of the pertinence that should be given by the Law to the figure in question. Dominated the significance of the topic at hand, emotional neglect must be legally contextualized, being concluded, from the legal framework regarding parental responsibilities, that the phenomenon is directly related to the duty of education, as this obligation assigns to the parents the function of promoting the full and healthy development of the person of the child. Failure by the parents to ably grant the affections that are indispensable for correct personal development of their offspring signifies a breach of the duty of education, since the imperfections in the transmission of parental love constitute an obstacle to the successful maturation of the child’s personality. From this situation results the susceptibility of being decreed the inhibition of the parental responsibilities of the parent who failed to abide by his legal duty towards his child or being decreed protective measures of the child that restrict the exercise of the parental responsibilities of such parent. In another perspective, the legislation on the protection and promotion of children's rights considers that they are in a dangerous situation when they do not receive the care or affection appropriate to their age and personal situation and a protective intervention is therefore legitimized in the face of emotional neglect by parents, and, as such, legitimized the possibility of implementing the measures to promote the rights and protection of children and young people in danger under the aforementioned legislation. Lastly, one should explore the role of civil liability (for emotional neglect) in the field of family relations, leading the denial of the doctrine of the fragility of personal family rights to the concept that the parent who causes harm to the personal rights of his son, due to the breach of parental responsibilities, is not exempted from having to compensate his descendant in the first degree for the damages he suffered. It seems that not all legal reactions to emotional neglect by parents will be suitable to foment, in the particular case, the development of the personality of the child who is deprived of the parental affections essential for his growth and personal maturation. It is really worth taking advantage of the link between Child's Law and Psychology in order to determine the best solution for children who are victims of this affective levity by their parents.
Psychological investigations, focused on the growth and personal development of children, have shown that parental love and affections have the same relevance for the maturation of minors as the attention that must be spent in satisfying their physical needs, leading the absence of such affection or its inadequate diffusion, by parents, to strong impairments in the personality of children still in development. The present study is aimed at contemplating, from a legal point of view, the implications of emotional neglect by parents, attending the legal-dogmatic of Child Law. With this, it becomes crystal clear that the subject imperatively needs an interdisciplinary approach, being Psychology a strong ally in the path to be covered, since only the knowledge gained by that human science, especially with regard to damages derived from the absence, insufficiency and inadequacy of parental affections, can provide a true understanding of the pertinence that should be given by the Law to the figure in question. Dominated the significance of the topic at hand, emotional neglect must be legally contextualized, being concluded, from the legal framework regarding parental responsibilities, that the phenomenon is directly related to the duty of education, as this obligation assigns to the parents the function of promoting the full and healthy development of the person of the child. Failure by the parents to ably grant the affections that are indispensable for correct personal development of their offspring signifies a breach of the duty of education, since the imperfections in the transmission of parental love constitute an obstacle to the successful maturation of the child’s personality. From this situation results the susceptibility of being decreed the inhibition of the parental responsibilities of the parent who failed to abide by his legal duty towards his child or being decreed protective measures of the child that restrict the exercise of the parental responsibilities of such parent. In another perspective, the legislation on the protection and promotion of children's rights considers that they are in a dangerous situation when they do not receive the care or affection appropriate to their age and personal situation and a protective intervention is therefore legitimized in the face of emotional neglect by parents, and, as such, legitimized the possibility of implementing the measures to promote the rights and protection of children and young people in danger under the aforementioned legislation. Lastly, one should explore the role of civil liability (for emotional neglect) in the field of family relations, leading the denial of the doctrine of the fragility of personal family rights to the concept that the parent who causes harm to the personal rights of his son, due to the breach of parental responsibilities, is not exempted from having to compensate his descendant in the first degree for the damages he suffered. It seems that not all legal reactions to emotional neglect by parents will be suitable to foment, in the particular case, the development of the personality of the child who is deprived of the parental affections essential for his growth and personal maturation. It is really worth taking advantage of the link between Child's Law and Psychology in order to determine the best solution for children who are victims of this affective levity by their parents.
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Keywords
Direito das crianças Abandono afetivo Poder-Dever de educação Responsabilidades parentais Crianças e jovens em perigo Responsabilidade civil por abandono afetivo parental Teses de mestrado - 2019