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Abordagens terapêuticas para a mitigação da nefrotoxicidade induzida pelo cádmio
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O cádmio (Cd) é um metal pesado, não essencial, muito utilizado a nível industrial, sendo
considerado como um dos poluentes ambientais mais tóxicos, ao qual o Homem tem vindo a
ser exposto. Este metal está presente em diversos alimentos provenientes de solos agrícolas
contaminados, como por exemplo, nas frutas, nos vegetais e na água. A exposição humana a
este composto pode ser feita através da inalação ou da ingestão, principalmente de arroz ou
peixes contaminados com altas concentrações.
O fígado e os rins são extremamente sensíveis aos efeitos tóxicos do cádmio, devido à
capacidade desses tecidos de sintetizar metalotioninas (MT), que são proteínas estimuladas por
este metal e que protegem as células, ligando-se firmemente aos iões de cádmio. O stress
oxidativo induzido por esse xenobiótico é um dos mecanismos responsáveis por várias doenças
ao nível hepático e renal. As mitocôndrias são um dos organelos mais afetados, pois
desempenham um papel crucial na formação de espécies reativas de oxigénio (ROS) e são um
dos principais alvos intracelulares do cádmio. A acumulação deste metal no rim pode levar ao
desenvolvimento de doença renal crónica. Como tal, tem sido pertinente encontrar estratégias
para diminuir o impacto da toxicidade deste metal na vida humana.
O tratamento da nefrotoxicidade não é totalmente eficaz, mas têm sido utilizados algumas
terapias que mitigam os efeitos deste metal ao nível do rim, tais como agentes quelantes (e.g.
EDTA, DMSA, DMPS) e diversos compostos com poder antioxidante (e.g. quercetina,
curcumina, bergenina).
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal widely used in industry and it is considered one of the most toxic environmental pollutants to which humans have been exposed. This metal is present in a wide range of foods from contaminated agricultural soils, such as fruits, vegetables and water. Human exposure to this compound can occur through the inhalation of particles or through ingestion, particularly of contaminated rice or fish with high concentrations. Both liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to the toxic effects of cadmium, due to the ability of these tissues to synthesize metallothioneins (MT), which are proteins stimulated by this metal and that protect cells by firmly binding to cadmium ions. Oxidative stress induced by this xenobiotic is one of the mechanisms responsible for several diseases in the liver and kidney. Mitochondria are one of the most affected organelles, as it plays a crucial role in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are one of the main intracellular targets of cadmium. Accumulation of this metal in the kidney can lead to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, it has been pertinent to find strategies to reduce the impact of the toxicity of this metal on human life. The treatment of nephrotoxicity is not entirely effective, but some therapies have been used to mitigate the effects of this metal on the kidney, such as chelating agents (e.g. EDTA, DMSA, DMPS) and several compounds with antioxidant power (e.g. quercetin, curcumin, bergenin).
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal widely used in industry and it is considered one of the most toxic environmental pollutants to which humans have been exposed. This metal is present in a wide range of foods from contaminated agricultural soils, such as fruits, vegetables and water. Human exposure to this compound can occur through the inhalation of particles or through ingestion, particularly of contaminated rice or fish with high concentrations. Both liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to the toxic effects of cadmium, due to the ability of these tissues to synthesize metallothioneins (MT), which are proteins stimulated by this metal and that protect cells by firmly binding to cadmium ions. Oxidative stress induced by this xenobiotic is one of the mechanisms responsible for several diseases in the liver and kidney. Mitochondria are one of the most affected organelles, as it plays a crucial role in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are one of the main intracellular targets of cadmium. Accumulation of this metal in the kidney can lead to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, it has been pertinent to find strategies to reduce the impact of the toxicity of this metal on human life. The treatment of nephrotoxicity is not entirely effective, but some therapies have been used to mitigate the effects of this metal on the kidney, such as chelating agents (e.g. EDTA, DMSA, DMPS) and several compounds with antioxidant power (e.g. quercetin, curcumin, bergenin).
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Cádmio Toxicidade Rim Stress oxidativo Agentes quelantes Mestrado Integrado - 2024