Hazard and Exposure Assessment to Sea Level Rise in Mainland Portugal

Abstract

Coastal sustainable land use hinges on sea level rise (SLR) as a critical driver of climate risk mitigation, shaping adaptative coastal zone management, and fostering transitions towards resilient communities. The mainland Portuguese coastline, exposed to the energetic North Atlantic wave regime, faces frequent erosion and coastal flooding. By 2100, the consequences of these hazards are expected to intensify as urban sprawl grows and coastal communities become physically more exposed and socially more vulnerable.