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A admissibilidade da prova transnacional no processo penal português : uma análise do caso EncroChat à luz do princípio do reconhecimento mútuo
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Esta investigação analisa a admissibilidade da prova transnacional no espaço europeu e no processo penal português, considerando os desafios da cooperação judiciária baseada no princípio do reconhecimento mútuo. O caso EncroChat tornou-se central nesse debate, ao expor tensões entre a eficácia das investigações criminais e a proteção dos direitos fundamentais, incluindo o direito ao contraditório, previsto no artigo 6.º da Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos. A operação EncroChat, conduzida por autoridades francesas em cooperação com outros Estados-Membros, resultou na interceção de comunicações encriptadas usadas por redes criminosas. No entanto, a obtenção dessas provas por meio de software espião gerou controvérsias quanto à sua legalidade e admissibilidade nos tribunais europeus e portugueses, levantando questões sobre a confiança mútua necessária para a aplicação do reconhecimento mútuo. A ausência de um mecanismo uniforme de controlo levou a decisões divergentes entre os Estados-Membros e a nível nacional, dificultando a harmonização na aceitação de provas obtidas no estrangeiro. O estudo pretende verificar como as autoridades judiciárias lidam com a prova transnacional, analisando os critérios adotados para a sua aceitação e aplicação no processo penal português. Além disso, avalia de que modo essas autoridades se apoiam no princípio do reconhecimento e da confiança mútua para fundamentar a admissibilidade da prova obtida no estrangeiro, mesmo perante incertezas sobre a sua obtenção e validade. A investigação contribui, assim, para uma reflexão sobre os desafios da cooperação judiciária e o equilíbrio entre eficácia na obtenção de provas e a proteção das garantias processuais.
This research analyses the admissibility of transnational evidence in the European area and in Portuguese criminal proceedings, considering the challenges of judicial cooperation based on the principle of mutual recognition. The EncroChat case has become central to this debate, exposing tensions between the effectiveness of criminal investigations and the protection of fundamental rights, including the right to an adversarial hearing, provided for in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Operation EncroChat, conducted by French authorities in co-operation with other member states, resulted in the interception of encrypted communications used by criminal networks. However, the obtaining of this evidence by means of spyware has generated controversy as to its legality and admissibility in European and Portuguese courts, raising questions about the mutual trust necessary for the application of mutual recognition. The lack of a uniform control mechanism has led to divergent decisions between member states and at national level, making it difficult to harmonise the acceptance of evidence obtained abroad. The study aims to verify how the judicial authorities deal with transnational evidence, analysing the criteria adopted for its acceptance and application in Portuguese criminal proceedings. It also assesses how these authorities rely on the principle of recognition and mutual trust to justify the admissibility of evidence obtained abroad, even in the face of uncertainties about its acquisition and validity. The research thus contributes to a reflection on the challenges of judicial co-operation and the balance between efficiency in obtaining evidence and the protection of procedural guarantees.
This research analyses the admissibility of transnational evidence in the European area and in Portuguese criminal proceedings, considering the challenges of judicial cooperation based on the principle of mutual recognition. The EncroChat case has become central to this debate, exposing tensions between the effectiveness of criminal investigations and the protection of fundamental rights, including the right to an adversarial hearing, provided for in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Operation EncroChat, conducted by French authorities in co-operation with other member states, resulted in the interception of encrypted communications used by criminal networks. However, the obtaining of this evidence by means of spyware has generated controversy as to its legality and admissibility in European and Portuguese courts, raising questions about the mutual trust necessary for the application of mutual recognition. The lack of a uniform control mechanism has led to divergent decisions between member states and at national level, making it difficult to harmonise the acceptance of evidence obtained abroad. The study aims to verify how the judicial authorities deal with transnational evidence, analysing the criteria adopted for its acceptance and application in Portuguese criminal proceedings. It also assesses how these authorities rely on the principle of recognition and mutual trust to justify the admissibility of evidence obtained abroad, even in the face of uncertainties about its acquisition and validity. The research thus contributes to a reflection on the challenges of judicial co-operation and the balance between efficiency in obtaining evidence and the protection of procedural guarantees.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Direito e Ciência Jurídica, 2025, Faculdade de Direito, Universidade de Lisboa
Palavras-chave
Cooperação judiciária em matéria penal Obtenção de prova Crime transnacional Reconhecimento mútuo Prova penal Garantias processuais Teses de mestrado - 2025