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A anticoagulação na gravidez constitui um desafio clínico no qual se procura atingir o equilíbrio ideal entre a evicção de eventos trombóticos na grávida e o normal desenvolvimento do feto. Numa mulher submetida a cirurgia de substituição valvular com colocação de prótese mecânica (PVM), a anticoagulação vitalícia está indicada. Pela sua eficácia, o uso de antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK) é consensual. Contudo, a varfarina é um fármaco de classe D na gravidez, associando-se a efeitos teratogénicos importantes que no 1º trimestre tomam a forma da embriopatia da varfarina, sendo o período crítico de exposição entre as 6 e as 12 semanas de amenorreia. Numa fase mais avançada da gravidez, o principal problema prende-se com o aumento do risco hemorrágico fetal, particularmente do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Apesar dos seus efeitos teratogénicos, no que respeita aos desfechos tromboembólicos maternos, os AVK mostraram em vários estudos ter uma eficácia muito superior a outras alternativas terapêuticas mais seguras para o feto, tais como a heparina não fraccionada (HNF) e as heparinas de baixo peso molecular (HBPM). Não há ainda evidência suficiente para ponderar o uso dos novos anticoagulantes orais (NACO) neste contexto. Neste trabalho final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina e a propósito de um caso clínico, é tido como principal objectivo a realização de uma revisão da literatura sobre anticoagulação na grávida com prótese valvular mecânica, nomeadamente fármacos e esquemas preconizados, tendo em conta o risco materno e o risco fetal.
Anticoagulation during pregnancy constitutes a clinical challenge trying to accomplish a delicate balance between the avoidance of maternal thromboembolic events and the well-being and appropriate development of the fetus. In a woman submited to prosthetic valve replacement surgery with the use of a mechanical prosthesis, lifelong anticoagulation is indicated, and the use of vitamin K antagonists (preferentially warfarin) consensually recommended. However, warfarin is a class D drug, associated to severe teratogenic effects (warfarin’s embriopathy), with a critical period between the 6th and the 12th weeks of amenorrhea. In a later stage of the pregnancy, the main problem is an increased risk of fetal bleeding, particularly at the central nervous system. Despite its potentially severe adverse effects on the embrio and fetus, warfarin antagonists have proved better thromboembolic outcomes when compared to other therapeutical alternatives probably safer to the fetus such as unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. There is not yet sufficient evidence to consider the new oral anticoagulants as a safe option in this setting. In this final work for the Integrated Masters Course in Medicine, the main goal is to elaborate a literature review concerning the anticoagulation therapeutical regimen in the pregnant woman with mechanical valve prosthesis, having a clinical case as a start point.
Anticoagulation during pregnancy constitutes a clinical challenge trying to accomplish a delicate balance between the avoidance of maternal thromboembolic events and the well-being and appropriate development of the fetus. In a woman submited to prosthetic valve replacement surgery with the use of a mechanical prosthesis, lifelong anticoagulation is indicated, and the use of vitamin K antagonists (preferentially warfarin) consensually recommended. However, warfarin is a class D drug, associated to severe teratogenic effects (warfarin’s embriopathy), with a critical period between the 6th and the 12th weeks of amenorrhea. In a later stage of the pregnancy, the main problem is an increased risk of fetal bleeding, particularly at the central nervous system. Despite its potentially severe adverse effects on the embrio and fetus, warfarin antagonists have proved better thromboembolic outcomes when compared to other therapeutical alternatives probably safer to the fetus such as unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. There is not yet sufficient evidence to consider the new oral anticoagulants as a safe option in this setting. In this final work for the Integrated Masters Course in Medicine, the main goal is to elaborate a literature review concerning the anticoagulation therapeutical regimen in the pregnant woman with mechanical valve prosthesis, having a clinical case as a start point.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2019
Palavras-chave
Prótese valvular mecânica Gravidez Anticoagulação Obstetrícia
