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Abstract(s)
O conceito do ba é uma das noções antropológicas mais centrais do pensamento egípcio. Define-se como a manifestação do poder divino, o qual se manifesta por excelência nas divindades e nos defuntos, nomeadamente através da liberdade de movimento entre o mundo dos vivos e dos mortos.
As referências ao ba na literatura funerária atestam a sua importância e mostram como a sua definição evoluiu ao longo do tempo. No Império Antigo, as referências ao ba encontram-se sobretudo nos «Textos das Pirâmides», consistindo nas manifestações do poder divino reservadas ao soberano defunto que assegura desse modo a sua ascensão ao céu. No Império Médio, os «Textos dos Sarcófagos» mostram que o ba é uma qualidade que se manifesta já nos súbditos do rei, sendo responsável pelas capacidades físicas do defunto como comer, beber, copular e deslocar-se entre o plano divino e o terreno. No «Livro dos Mortos», do Império Novo, o ba é representado com uma cabeça humana e corpo de ave, assinalando a sua personificação como consciência e personalidade do defunto, que participava no tribunal divino para determinar se a essência do defunto pode transformá-lo num ba.
Dentro das várias partes que constituíam a natureza humana, a antropologia egípcia reconhecia que o ba tinha uma ligação estreita com o corpo. A relação entre o ba e o corpo reflecte um paradigma divino, nomeadamente o da constelação de Rá e Osíris, na qual o deus Rá renasce dentro de Osíris para recomeçar o ciclo solar e Osíris ressuscita. Seria na relação entre estas duas noções que, segundo a noção monística egípcia, em que o ba faz parte integrante, o indivíduo alcançava a imortalidade plena e eterna.
The concept of ba is one of the most central anthropological notions in Egyptian thought. It is defined as a manifestation of divine power, which manifests itself par excellence in deities and the dead, namely through freedom of movement between the world of the living and the dead. References to ba in funerary literature attest to its importance and show how its definition has evolved over time. In the Old Kingdom, references to ba are found mainly in the «Pyramid Texts», consisting of manifestations of the divine power reserved for the deceased sovereign, which thus ensures his ascension to heaven. In the Middle Kingdom, the «Sarcophagus Texts» show that ba is a quality that manifests itself in the king's subjects, being responsible for the deceased's physical abilities such as eating, drinking, copulating and moving between the divine plane and the earthly. In the «Book of the Dead», from the New Empire, the ba is represented with a human head and the body of a bird, marking its personification as the conscience and personality of the deceased, who participated in the divine court to determine whether the essence of the deceased could transform itself. hey in a ba. Within the various parts that constituted the human nature, the Egyptian anthropology recognized that the ba had a close connection with the body. This relationship between the ba and the body reflects a divine paradigm, namely the constellation of Ra and Osiris, in which the god Ra is reborn within Osiris to restart the solar cycle and Osiris is resurrected. It would be in the relationship between these two notions that, according to the egyptian monistic notion, in which the ba is an integral part, the individual achieved full and eternal immortality.
The concept of ba is one of the most central anthropological notions in Egyptian thought. It is defined as a manifestation of divine power, which manifests itself par excellence in deities and the dead, namely through freedom of movement between the world of the living and the dead. References to ba in funerary literature attest to its importance and show how its definition has evolved over time. In the Old Kingdom, references to ba are found mainly in the «Pyramid Texts», consisting of manifestations of the divine power reserved for the deceased sovereign, which thus ensures his ascension to heaven. In the Middle Kingdom, the «Sarcophagus Texts» show that ba is a quality that manifests itself in the king's subjects, being responsible for the deceased's physical abilities such as eating, drinking, copulating and moving between the divine plane and the earthly. In the «Book of the Dead», from the New Empire, the ba is represented with a human head and the body of a bird, marking its personification as the conscience and personality of the deceased, who participated in the divine court to determine whether the essence of the deceased could transform itself. hey in a ba. Within the various parts that constituted the human nature, the Egyptian anthropology recognized that the ba had a close connection with the body. This relationship between the ba and the body reflects a divine paradigm, namely the constellation of Ra and Osiris, in which the god Ra is reborn within Osiris to restart the solar cycle and Osiris is resurrected. It would be in the relationship between these two notions that, according to the egyptian monistic notion, in which the ba is an integral part, the individual achieved full and eternal immortality.