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A proteção dos direitos patrimoniais dos trabalhadores em especial, a responsabilidade dos gerentes e dos administradores pelos danos causados aos trabalhadores
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Visamos analisar, de forma clara e de simples acesso, os diferentes modos de garantia e proteção dos direitos patrimoniais dos trabalhadores. Em primeiro lugar, a proteção do direito à retribuição, desde logo enquanto direito fundamental; mas também a proteção dos demais créditos emergentes da execução, violação ou
cessação do contrato de trabalho.
Os créditos dos trabalhadores estão protegidos a montante, dificultando-se a sua dissipação e garantindo-se a sua indisponibilidade, e a jusante, beneficiando de especiais modalidades de exceção de incumprimento do contrato sinalagmático, de várias garantias (para além do património da entidade patronal), de privilégios
creditórios que cedem apenas perante as despesas de justiça e de apoios por parte do Estado, como o Fundo de Garantia Salarial.
Como garantias especiais, encontramos a responsabilidade solidária de sociedades que tenham com a entidade patronal uma determinada relação societária, a responsabilização pessoal do sócio controlador e a responsabilização dos gerentes e administradores.
Quanto a estes, em primeiro lugar, ocorrendo violação culposa de disposições legais destinadas à proteção dos credores, insuficiência do património, dano do credor e duplo nexo de causalidade.
Por outro lado, aqui em destaque, a responsabilidade pessoal dos gerentes e administradores que causem danos aos trabalhadores, nos termos do disposto nos artigos 335º, nº 2, do CT e 79º, nº 1, do CSC, que conjugamos com o artº 64º, nº 1, alíneas a) e b), do CSC, daí decorrendo a obrigação de cumprimento das normas laborais imperativas, enquanto interesse dos trabalhadores, mas também como uma decorrência do dever de cuidado a que estão obrigados. Responsabilização do gerentes e administradores, ainda, por incumprimento do (novo) dever de legalidade.
Consequentemente, vemos as normas laborais imperativas como fontes de responsabilidade civil extracontratual dos gerentes e administradores perante os trabalhadores, cuja importância ética reclama uma via intermédia de solução, traduzindo-se em deveres de proteção ou de tráfico, de onde resulta a inversão do
ónus da prova do dolo e do nexo de causalidade.
Em último caso, poderá haver ainda a possibilidade de desconsiderar a personalidade jurídica das sociedades comerciais.
We aim to analyze, in a clear way and simple access, the various forms of guarantee protection of employee´s property rights. In the first place, the compensation protection is asset as a fundamental right, but also the protection of other credits arising from the execution, violation or termination of the employment contract. Employee's claims are protected upstream, making it more difficult to dissipate and ensuring their unavailability; and they are protected downstream, benefiting from special modalities of exception of breach of the syntheagmatic contract, guarantees (in addition to the assets of the employer), of credit privileges that yield only to the costs of justice and support from the State, such as the Wage Guarantee Fund. As special warranties we find the joint and several liability of companies that have a certain corporate relationship with the employer, the personal accountability of the controlling shareholder and the accountability of managers and directors. Regarding the accountability of managers and directors, firstly if there is a culpable injury of the legal provisions for the protection of creditors, insufficient assets, damage to the creditor and the double causal link. On the other hand and in particular, the personal liability of managers and directors that cause personal injury and damage to employees property, under the terms of the provisions of article 335 (2), of the Labour Code and article 79 (1) of the Portuguese Companies Code, which are in conjunction with article 64 (1) (a) and (b) of the Portuguese Companies Code, resulting in the obligation to comply with mandatory labor standards, as an interest of employees, but also as a result of the duty of care to which they are bound. Accountability of the managers and directors also for default of the (new) legality duty. Therefore, we see mandatory labor standards as sources of extra-contractual civil liability of managers and directors amongst the employees, whose ethical importance demands an intermediate solution, that results into duties of protection or trafficking, from which the reversal of the burden of proof and the causal link results. In last case, there may also be the possibility of disregarding legal personality of commercial companies.
We aim to analyze, in a clear way and simple access, the various forms of guarantee protection of employee´s property rights. In the first place, the compensation protection is asset as a fundamental right, but also the protection of other credits arising from the execution, violation or termination of the employment contract. Employee's claims are protected upstream, making it more difficult to dissipate and ensuring their unavailability; and they are protected downstream, benefiting from special modalities of exception of breach of the syntheagmatic contract, guarantees (in addition to the assets of the employer), of credit privileges that yield only to the costs of justice and support from the State, such as the Wage Guarantee Fund. As special warranties we find the joint and several liability of companies that have a certain corporate relationship with the employer, the personal accountability of the controlling shareholder and the accountability of managers and directors. Regarding the accountability of managers and directors, firstly if there is a culpable injury of the legal provisions for the protection of creditors, insufficient assets, damage to the creditor and the double causal link. On the other hand and in particular, the personal liability of managers and directors that cause personal injury and damage to employees property, under the terms of the provisions of article 335 (2), of the Labour Code and article 79 (1) of the Portuguese Companies Code, which are in conjunction with article 64 (1) (a) and (b) of the Portuguese Companies Code, resulting in the obligation to comply with mandatory labor standards, as an interest of employees, but also as a result of the duty of care to which they are bound. Accountability of the managers and directors also for default of the (new) legality duty. Therefore, we see mandatory labor standards as sources of extra-contractual civil liability of managers and directors amongst the employees, whose ethical importance demands an intermediate solution, that results into duties of protection or trafficking, from which the reversal of the burden of proof and the causal link results. In last case, there may also be the possibility of disregarding legal personality of commercial companies.
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Direito do trabalho Contrato de trabalho Créditos laborais Garantias Responsabilidade do administrador Gerente Teses de mestrado - 2018