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O contrato de volume e o transporte marítimo de mercadorias : dos granéis aos contentores, do "tramping" às linhas regulares
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Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O presente estudo aborda o tema do contrato de volume desde a sua origem, i.e., dos granéis aos contentores, abarcado pela definição das Regras de Roterdão, bem como a sua integração e as implicações no transporte marítimo, especialmente, nos dias de hoje, no transporte de contentores e nas linhas de navegação regulares. O regime do contrato de volume constitui provavelmente a característica mais importante das Regras de Roterdão tendo em atenção as normas que habilitam o contrato a derrogar a Convenção. No entanto, parece que este regime é demasiadamente amplo e deve ser articulado com o regime do “service contract” atualmente vigente nos Estados Unidos que tem tido bastante sucesso no comércio mundial. Na actualidade, todos têm presente o papel fulcral da contentorização na globalização. A eficiência portuária deu um novo passo em frente e a cadeia logística tornou-se mundial. Este processo veio alterar dramaticamente a geografia dos portos e tornou clara a distinção entre áreas de consumo e os pontos nodais das cadeias logísticas, permitindo a integração naquelas cadeias de portos de alguma forma afastados daquelas áreas. O crescimento contínuo do comércio mundial associado às reduções dos custos da cadeia logística mostrou que a desregulação da indústria marítima terá de respeitar determinados princípios e quadros gerais de aceitação global, privada e/ou pública, com um difícil precurso de um sistema em rede (ou em rede modificado) para um sistema uniforme de responsabilidade. O contrato de volume constitui uma das maiores reformas no regime do transporte de mercadorias pois o equilíbrio eficiente dos riscos entre os interesses do transportador e do carregador é muitas vezes o resultado do compromisso antes de se iniciar o transporte ou a viagem. Consequentemente, pretende-se traçar um caminho que transforme as Regras de Roterdão num documento útil no futuro, talvez com uma forma diferente mas contemplando o contrato de volume com uma regulação mais efetiva e compreensiva para o tráfego de linha para contentores e para o comércio sem papel.
This study deals with the issue of the «volume contract» since his origin to now, i.e., from bulk trades to the containers as stated in the Rotterdam Rules and the relationship and utmost importance on maritime transport, especially on containers transportation and on regular lines of shipping. The volume contract regime is probably the greatest achievement of Rotterdam Rules looking for the provisions which allow derogation from thems. However, it seems that the regime is too wide and should be matched with the “service contract” still in force in U.S.A. that has already being welcomed in the global trading. Actually, everybody is aware of the contentorization main role on globalization. The container (or «the new box») has produced an overwhelming reduction on the transport and on the logistics costs. The port’s efficiency has assumed a new step forward and the logistics’ chain became worldwide. This process has changed dramatically the port’s geography and made clear the distinction between consumption areas and supply chain chock points, allowing the integration in those chains of the port’s some far from those areas. The continuing growth of global trade associated to the cost’s reduction on the supply chain has shown that the deregulation of the shipping industry has to comply with general principles and frameworks with global acceptance, private and/or public, with an extremely and difficult way to follow from a network (or a modified network) to an uniform legal liability system. The volume contract is a major undertaking in law reform in the international regime of carriage of goods because the efficient balancing of risks between carrier and shipper interests was often the result of compromise before starting the transport or sailing. Therefore, the aim willing to build his own way on transforming the Rules, make them a useful document in the future, perhaps, with a different shape but still working in a new “volume contract”, a more effective and comprehensive springboard for liner container shipping and paperless trade.
This study deals with the issue of the «volume contract» since his origin to now, i.e., from bulk trades to the containers as stated in the Rotterdam Rules and the relationship and utmost importance on maritime transport, especially on containers transportation and on regular lines of shipping. The volume contract regime is probably the greatest achievement of Rotterdam Rules looking for the provisions which allow derogation from thems. However, it seems that the regime is too wide and should be matched with the “service contract” still in force in U.S.A. that has already being welcomed in the global trading. Actually, everybody is aware of the contentorization main role on globalization. The container (or «the new box») has produced an overwhelming reduction on the transport and on the logistics costs. The port’s efficiency has assumed a new step forward and the logistics’ chain became worldwide. This process has changed dramatically the port’s geography and made clear the distinction between consumption areas and supply chain chock points, allowing the integration in those chains of the port’s some far from those areas. The continuing growth of global trade associated to the cost’s reduction on the supply chain has shown that the deregulation of the shipping industry has to comply with general principles and frameworks with global acceptance, private and/or public, with an extremely and difficult way to follow from a network (or a modified network) to an uniform legal liability system. The volume contract is a major undertaking in law reform in the international regime of carriage of goods because the efficient balancing of risks between carrier and shipper interests was often the result of compromise before starting the transport or sailing. Therefore, the aim willing to build his own way on transforming the Rules, make them a useful document in the future, perhaps, with a different shape but still working in a new “volume contract”, a more effective and comprehensive springboard for liner container shipping and paperless trade.
Description
Tese de doutoramento, Direito (Ciências Jurídico-Empresariais), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Direito, 2017
Keywords
Teses de doutoramento - 2017