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Implante coclear : considerações éticas e a cultura surda
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Resumo(s)
Este trabalho procura analisar os dilemas de dimensão ético-moral que se levantam no caso específico dos implantes cocleares. Entre outros, estes dilemas são fundamentalmente os levantados por alguns membros da cultura Surda, que defendem que o uso disseminado do implante coclear acabará a longo prazo por extinguir a cultura Surda tal como a conhecemos hoje. O impante coclear permite a capacitação de algumas crianças com surdez grave a profunda para ouvir, sendo ainda limitada a capacidade de predição de sucesso no momento da implantação, correndo-se o risco de a criança poder não pertencer no seu completo potencial a nenhum dos dois mundos. Atualmente, para colmatar esse risco, não só famílias de Surdos, mas também de não-surdos, recorrem ao implante através do bilinguismo bimodal (BB), inserindo a criança desde logo na aprendizagem de língua gestual, para depois adquirir competências na língua oral. O impacto positivo do BB na aquisição de aptidões orais não é consensual. Sendo que o implante coclear é uma técnica médica maioritariamente realizada em crianças, diversas questões se levantam, nomeadamente no que toca ao seu sucesso limitado, a consentimento por procuração (proxy consent); à equidade no acesso; à definição de deficiência, entre outras.
This work tries to examine the ethical and moral dilemmas which rise from the use of cochlear implants. These dilemmas are fundamentally raised by members of the Deaf community, who find that the disseminated use of the cochlear implant will in the long run end up extinguishing the Deaf culture as we know it today. The cochlear implant allows the hearing ability to some children with severe to profound deafness, although outcome prediction at the moment of implanting is still limited, therefore risking to leave the children out of either hearing and deaf worlds in their full potential. Nowadays, to decrease that risk, not only Deaf families, but also non-deaf ones are choosing the implant along with bimodal bilingualism (BB), introducing sign to the child as soon as possible to obtain oral skills later in life. The positive impact of BB is still not consensual. As the cochlear implant is a medical technique mostly performed on children, a wide range of bioethical questions arise such as those related to its greatly unpredictable outcome, which depends on many variables; also, related to proxy consent to equity of access and definition of deficiency, amidst others.
This work tries to examine the ethical and moral dilemmas which rise from the use of cochlear implants. These dilemmas are fundamentally raised by members of the Deaf community, who find that the disseminated use of the cochlear implant will in the long run end up extinguishing the Deaf culture as we know it today. The cochlear implant allows the hearing ability to some children with severe to profound deafness, although outcome prediction at the moment of implanting is still limited, therefore risking to leave the children out of either hearing and deaf worlds in their full potential. Nowadays, to decrease that risk, not only Deaf families, but also non-deaf ones are choosing the implant along with bimodal bilingualism (BB), introducing sign to the child as soon as possible to obtain oral skills later in life. The positive impact of BB is still not consensual. As the cochlear implant is a medical technique mostly performed on children, a wide range of bioethical questions arise such as those related to its greatly unpredictable outcome, which depends on many variables; also, related to proxy consent to equity of access and definition of deficiency, amidst others.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2017
Palavras-chave
Implante coclear Surdez Cultura surda Consentimento Ética Otorrinolaringologia