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Tecnologia e Estado Novo : os cimentos e a materialização do corporativismo português
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Esta tese contribui para a compreensão do processo de co-construção que existiu entre a Fábrica de Cimento de Maceira-Liz e o regime corporativo do Estado Novo. A fábrica, inaugurada em 1923 – bem como as tecnologias que a distinguem no panorama português, os fornos rotativos - é um objeto histórico que, não só é importante para compreender a materialização deste regime por meio das obras publicas, mas também a sua obra social e religiosa.
Recorrendo sobretudo às fontes primárias do Arquivo Histórico Fábrica Maceira-Liz, segui as propostas da história da tecnologia e centrei-me no uso da inovação tecnológica, o forno rotativo, no lugar onde foi introduzida pela primeira vez em Portugal, a Gândara, onde foi contruída a fábrica. Através da tecnologia que, não só mobilizou em torno de si engenheiros, técnicos, capitais, laboratórios, operários e famílias, organizados segundo a Doutrina Social da Igreja, mas também ministros e sacerdotes, conseguem identificar-se as profundas alterações às paisagens material, social e moral em que foi introduzida. Compreende-se sobretudo o papel que a tecnologia acabou por ter na construção dos imaginários políticos e culturais do período estudado. Particularmente inesperado foi o significado simbólico mais profundo que o forno rotativo assumiu, enquanto elemento unificador de tecnologia e religiosidade.
A qualidade do cimento produzido em Maceira-Liz através do forno rotativo, um cimento homogéneo, não deu apenas resposta à construção de grande parte da obra do Estado Novo. A Fábrica constituiu-se como um espaço de experimentação de políticas sociais e económicas do regime corporativo, sendo simultaneamente indissociável do desígnio de recristianizar Portugal. Tanto através da forma como contribuiu para que a indústria do cimento se organizasse face ao condicionamento industrial, elemento central da política económica do novo regime, o qual acabaria por permitir criar a primeira Federação das Caixas de Previdência; como através da conceção do conjunto fabril e social, um espaço de experimentação social em que foram construídos e testados um conjunto de equipamentos, em forma de "projeto-piloto", de soluções corporativas, que acabaram por ser implementadas no território português (um Bairro de Pessoal, uma Capela, e ainda a primeira “Casa do Povo” do regime).
Os atores de Maceira-Liz, monárquicos e católicos, com afinidades estabelecidas através de laços familiares e de redes informais constituídas, criaram ligações ao poder económico e político, e, procurando conjugar capital e trabalho segundo a doutrina social da Igreja Católica, convergiram na criação de uma elite técnica de cariz aristocrático, cuja participação no desenvolvimento económico do país permite compreender de outra forma a afirmação do regime do Estado Novo.
This dissertation contributes to the understanding of the co-production process that occurred between the Maceira-Liz Cement Factory and the Corporate Regime of Estado Novo. The factory inaugurated in 1923 – as well as the technology that distinguished it in the Portuguese scene, the rotative ovens - is a historical object, not only important to understand the materialization of this regime through public works, but also its social and religious work. Drawing mainly upon the primary sources belonging to Maceira-Liz Factory’s Historic Archive, and according to recent developments in the History of Science and Technology, I focused on the use of a technological artifact, the rotative oven, in the place where it was first introduced in Portugal - the Gândara, where the factory was built. The study details the historical effects of this technology and the profound changes it produced in the material, social and moral landscapes where it was introduced. Technology mobilized not only engineers, technicians, laboratories, workers and their families – socially organized according to the social doctrine of the Catholic Church – but also political and religious actors. Above all, the research unveiled the role that technology had in the creation of a political and cultural imaginary of the studied period. Particularly unexpected was the deep symbolic meaning that ended up being ascribed to the rotative oven - as a unifying element of technological progress and religiosity. The quality of the cement produced in Maceira-Liz, a homogeneous material due to the rotative oven, did not respond only to the construction necessities of much of the public works of the Estado Novo regime. The factory became an experimental space for social and economic policies of the corporatist regime, being at the same time indissociable from the catholic aim of rechristianizing Portugal. This way, Maceira-Liz’s factory ccontributed to the cement industry’s organisation under the Industrial Licensing, a central element of the new regime’s economic policy, and also to the creation of the first corporate social welfare system in industry. Moreover, the layout of the factory and social housing became a space for social experimentation, where equipments were built and tested, like a pilot-project of corporate solutions later implemented in the Portuguese territory (Social Housing Quarter, Chapel, and the first Casa do Povo - ‘People’s House´- in the new regime). The actors of Maceira-Liz were monarchists and catholics whose affinity was based on family ties and informal networks, and hence were able to create links to the economic and political establishment. As they sought to combine capital and work, according to the new social doctrine of the Catholic Church, they converged at the creation of a technical elite of aristocratic nature, whose history of participation in the economic development of the country produces a new perspective on the affirmation of the Estado Novo regime.
This dissertation contributes to the understanding of the co-production process that occurred between the Maceira-Liz Cement Factory and the Corporate Regime of Estado Novo. The factory inaugurated in 1923 – as well as the technology that distinguished it in the Portuguese scene, the rotative ovens - is a historical object, not only important to understand the materialization of this regime through public works, but also its social and religious work. Drawing mainly upon the primary sources belonging to Maceira-Liz Factory’s Historic Archive, and according to recent developments in the History of Science and Technology, I focused on the use of a technological artifact, the rotative oven, in the place where it was first introduced in Portugal - the Gândara, where the factory was built. The study details the historical effects of this technology and the profound changes it produced in the material, social and moral landscapes where it was introduced. Technology mobilized not only engineers, technicians, laboratories, workers and their families – socially organized according to the social doctrine of the Catholic Church – but also political and religious actors. Above all, the research unveiled the role that technology had in the creation of a political and cultural imaginary of the studied period. Particularly unexpected was the deep symbolic meaning that ended up being ascribed to the rotative oven - as a unifying element of technological progress and religiosity. The quality of the cement produced in Maceira-Liz, a homogeneous material due to the rotative oven, did not respond only to the construction necessities of much of the public works of the Estado Novo regime. The factory became an experimental space for social and economic policies of the corporatist regime, being at the same time indissociable from the catholic aim of rechristianizing Portugal. This way, Maceira-Liz’s factory ccontributed to the cement industry’s organisation under the Industrial Licensing, a central element of the new regime’s economic policy, and also to the creation of the first corporate social welfare system in industry. Moreover, the layout of the factory and social housing became a space for social experimentation, where equipments were built and tested, like a pilot-project of corporate solutions later implemented in the Portuguese territory (Social Housing Quarter, Chapel, and the first Casa do Povo - ‘People’s House´- in the new regime). The actors of Maceira-Liz were monarchists and catholics whose affinity was based on family ties and informal networks, and hence were able to create links to the economic and political establishment. As they sought to combine capital and work, according to the new social doctrine of the Catholic Church, they converged at the creation of a technical elite of aristocratic nature, whose history of participation in the economic development of the country produces a new perspective on the affirmation of the Estado Novo regime.
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cimento tecnologia fábrica engenheiros Igreja Católica corporativismo Estado Novo cement technology factory engineers Catholic Church corporatism