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A admissibilidade da legítima defesa preventiva e preemptiva no quadro das Nações Unidas
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Abstract(s)
A presente dissertação pretende estudar a questão da admissibilidade das figuras de legítima defesa preventiva e preemptiva no quadro da ONU. As referidas figuras não se encontram previstas na CNU mas, por vezes, têm sido utilizadas pelos Estados, causando controvérsias sobre a sua admissibilidade, na medida em que se trata de figuras que preveem a utilização do uso de força de forma antecipada, isto é, antes de um ataque ter iniciado. A discussão em torno destas figuras torna-se particularmente relevante, atendendo ao
facto de que a CNU – o instrumento essencial que pretende garantir a paz e segurança internacional – proíbe o uso de força contra os Estados, excepto em casos muito particulares. No entanto, apesar de tal proibição, têm surgido eventos na história em que os Estados procederam ao “primeiro ataque” de forma antecipada. As figuras de legítima defesa preventiva e preemptiva ganharam particular relevo face aos ataques que
ocorreram a 11 de Setembro de 2001, tendo os EUA baseado nas mesmas as suas estratégias de defesa nacionais. Deste modo, a presente dissertação consistirá num estudo aprofundado de alguns dos conflitos que tiveram lugar na história e que utilizaram estas figuras como justificação dos seus ataques. Iremos conduzir o leitor por um caminho que começará com a explicação da proibição do uso de força, passará pela análise dos meandros da legítima defesa prevista no artigo 51.º da CNU para, de seguida, iniciarmos a abordagem da
legítima defesa preventiva e preemptiva. Falaremos da complexidade das questões terminológicas e apresentaremos as teorias doutrinárias. Bem assim, levantaremos eventuais problemáticas e analisaremos conflitos internacionais cuidadosamente escolhidos e que recorreram à legítima defesa preventiva e legítima defesa preemptiva. Após esta análise esperamos conseguir apresentar as nossas conclusões e responder
à seguinte pergunta: será a legítima defesa preventiva e preemptiva admissível no quadro da ONU?
The present thesis intends to study the question of the admissibility of preventive and preemptive self-defense in the framework of the UN. These figures are not foreseen in the Charter of the UN. Nevertheless, they have sometimes been used by States, thus causing controversy over their admissibility, since they are figures which foresee the use of force in advance, i.e. before an attack has begun. The discussion surrounding these figures becomes particularly relevant since the Charter of the UN - the essential instrument intended to guarantee international peace and security - prohibits the use of force against States, except in very particular cases. However, despite such a ban, events in history have arisen in which States have carried out the "first attack" in advance. The figures of preventive and preemptive self-defense have gained particular prominence in face of the attacks of 11th September 2001, having the USA based its national defense strategies on them.Therefore, this thesis will consist of an in-depth study of some of the conflicts that have taken place in history and that have used these controversial figures as justification for their attacks. We will lead the reader along a path that will begin with the explanation of the prohibition of the use of force, will go through the analysis of the meanders of self defense foreseen in Article 51 of the Charter, and will then begin the approach of preventive and preemptive self-defense. We will discuss the complexity of the terminological issues and doctrinal theories. We will also raise possible problems that could arise and analyze carefully chosen international conflicts that have recourse to preventive and preemptive self-defense. After this analysis we hope to be able to present our conclusions and answer the following question: is preventive and preemptive self-defense admissible within the framework of the UN?
The present thesis intends to study the question of the admissibility of preventive and preemptive self-defense in the framework of the UN. These figures are not foreseen in the Charter of the UN. Nevertheless, they have sometimes been used by States, thus causing controversy over their admissibility, since they are figures which foresee the use of force in advance, i.e. before an attack has begun. The discussion surrounding these figures becomes particularly relevant since the Charter of the UN - the essential instrument intended to guarantee international peace and security - prohibits the use of force against States, except in very particular cases. However, despite such a ban, events in history have arisen in which States have carried out the "first attack" in advance. The figures of preventive and preemptive self-defense have gained particular prominence in face of the attacks of 11th September 2001, having the USA based its national defense strategies on them.Therefore, this thesis will consist of an in-depth study of some of the conflicts that have taken place in history and that have used these controversial figures as justification for their attacks. We will lead the reader along a path that will begin with the explanation of the prohibition of the use of force, will go through the analysis of the meanders of self defense foreseen in Article 51 of the Charter, and will then begin the approach of preventive and preemptive self-defense. We will discuss the complexity of the terminological issues and doctrinal theories. We will also raise possible problems that could arise and analyze carefully chosen international conflicts that have recourse to preventive and preemptive self-defense. After this analysis we hope to be able to present our conclusions and answer the following question: is preventive and preemptive self-defense admissible within the framework of the UN?
Description
Keywords
ONU Legítima defesa Proibição do uso da força Carta das Nações Unidas Teses de mestrado - 2021