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A cobertura do conflito da Ucrânia pelos repórteres de guerra da RTP e TVI: Um estudo de representações mediáticas e de perceções de universitários portugueses
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A invasão russa da Ucrânia em 2022 intensificou a tensão histórica entre o Ocidente e a Rússia, gerando um fluxo massivo de informações mediáticas e um clima de ansiedade entre os portugueses, que se destacaram na União Europeia pelos altos níveis de preocupação para com este conflito. Esta dissertação pretendeu compreender como as representações da guerra, transmitidas ao longo do primeiro ano do conflito nos noticiários prime-time Telejornal (RTP, público) e Jornal das 8/ Jornal Nacional (TVI, privado), foram descodificadas por universitários portugueses. A investigação utilizou uma abordagem metodológica mista, incluindo análise de conteúdo quantitativa de trinta edições de cada noticiário, distribuídas por três recortes temporais; entrevistas semiestruturadas com jornalistas que cobriram o evento; e focus groups com estudantes universitários. A base teórica apoiou-se em teorias como a construção social da realidade através de representações mediáticas, agenda-setting, framing, newsmaking, encoding-decoding e teoria do cultivo. Os resultados mostraram que a cobertura do conflito pelos enviados da RTP e TVI focou o lado humano e ficou menos intensa conforme a evolução da guerra. As práticas jornalísticas dos noticiários foram semelhantes, contudo, a RTP ajustou a sua abordagem ao longo do tempo para equilibrar temas sociais, políticos e económicos, enquanto a TVI manteve uma estratégia mais comercial. Os estudantes universitários demonstraram preferência pelo Telejornal, considerado mais rigoroso e isento, em contraste com a TVI, percecionada como sensacionalista. O interesse dos estudantes pela cobertura oscilou, influenciado pela saturação do ciclo noticioso e pelos desenvolvimentos da guerra. Identificou-se que a representação limitada do lado russo gerou menos empatia em comparação com as narrativas solidárias sobre a Ucrânia. Este estudo contribui para a compreensão do papel do jornalismo televisivo português na mediação de conflitos internacionais e destaca a importância de analisar como estas mensagens mediáticas são descodificadas e interpretadas pelos seus recetores.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 intensified the historical tension between the West and Russia, generating a massive flow of media information and a climate of anxiety among the Portuguese, who stood out among other EU citizens for their high levels of concern about this conflict. This dissertation aimed to understand how the representations broadcasted throughout the first year of this conflict on the prime-time news programmes Telejornal (RTP, public) and Jornal das 8/ Jornal Nacional (TVI, private), were perceived by Portuguese university students. The research used a mixed methodological approach, including quantitative content analysis of thirty editions of each newscast, spread over three time periods; semi-structured interviews with journalists who covered the event; and focus groups with university students. The theoretical basis was anchored on theories such as the social construction of reality through media representations, agenda-setting, framing, newsmaking, encoding-decoding and cultivation theory. The results showed that the coverage of the conflict by RTP and TVI focussed on the human side and became less intense as the war progressed. The news programmes' journalistic practices were similar, but RTP adjusted its approach over time to balance social, political and economic issues, while TVI maintained a more commercial strategy. University students showed a preference for Telejornal, considered more rigorous and impartial, in contrast to TVI, perceived as sensationalist. Students' interest in the coverage fluctuated, influenced by the saturation of the news cycle and developments in the war. The current study identified that the limited representation of the Russian side generated less empathy compared to the sympathetic narratives about Ukraine. This investigation contributes to understanding the role of Portuguese television journalism in mediating international conflicts and highlights the importance of analysing how these media messages are decoded and interpreted by their receivers.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 intensified the historical tension between the West and Russia, generating a massive flow of media information and a climate of anxiety among the Portuguese, who stood out among other EU citizens for their high levels of concern about this conflict. This dissertation aimed to understand how the representations broadcasted throughout the first year of this conflict on the prime-time news programmes Telejornal (RTP, public) and Jornal das 8/ Jornal Nacional (TVI, private), were perceived by Portuguese university students. The research used a mixed methodological approach, including quantitative content analysis of thirty editions of each newscast, spread over three time periods; semi-structured interviews with journalists who covered the event; and focus groups with university students. The theoretical basis was anchored on theories such as the social construction of reality through media representations, agenda-setting, framing, newsmaking, encoding-decoding and cultivation theory. The results showed that the coverage of the conflict by RTP and TVI focussed on the human side and became less intense as the war progressed. The news programmes' journalistic practices were similar, but RTP adjusted its approach over time to balance social, political and economic issues, while TVI maintained a more commercial strategy. University students showed a preference for Telejornal, considered more rigorous and impartial, in contrast to TVI, perceived as sensationalist. Students' interest in the coverage fluctuated, influenced by the saturation of the news cycle and developments in the war. The current study identified that the limited representation of the Russian side generated less empathy compared to the sympathetic narratives about Ukraine. This investigation contributes to understanding the role of Portuguese television journalism in mediating international conflicts and highlights the importance of analysing how these media messages are decoded and interpreted by their receivers.
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Representações mediáticas Guerra Rússia-Ucrânia jornalismo televisivo enviados especiais perceções públicas Media representations Russia-Ukraine war television journalism special correspondents public perceptions