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Terrorismo na aviação civil, prevenção e reação : da legitimidade do abate de aeronaves civis usadas como arma de destruição maciça
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Abstract(s)
Nos tempos hodiernos as democracias têm sido constantemente desafiadas no combate ao terrorismo e respetivas organizações, que por via de violência extrema, perpetuam ataques quase contínuos e indefinidos na sua forma e lugar, colocando em causa a proficiência dos Estados na proteção do modelo de sociedade democrática e dos seus cidadãos.
A luta contra este tipo de organizações suscita grandes desafios no que concerne à atuação dos Estados em matéria de prevenção e reação ao terrorismo, atuação essa que apenas será dotada de eficácia mediante a contração de direitos, liberdades e garantias há muito dados como adquiridos nos sistemas democráticos.
Os acontecimentos que mais marcaram a história do terrorismo foram os ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001, em que o sequestro de quatro aeronaves em simultâneo, permitiu perpetuar uma ofensiva terrorista sem precedentes. Estes ataques impulsionaram um virar de página no que refere às medidas de prevenção da segurança da aviação civil, que passaram a ser uma prioridade no transporte aéreo, efetuando-se avultados investimentos nesta matéria, para recuperar a confiança no setor.
Contudo, apesar dos mecanismos de prevenção desenvolvidos, a aviação civil continua a ser um dos alvos preferenciais das organizações terroristas, que procuram nas mais variadas formas ludibriar os sistemas de segurança existentes, para levar a cabo os seus intentos. O sequestro de aeronaves, pelos perigos que representa, continua a ser uma das principais preocupações no setor aeronáutico.
Importa conhecer, na vertente reativa contra atos de interferência ilícita no setor da aviação civil, que mecanismos operacionais e legais, se encontram ao dispor do Estado para reagir, mormente em situações de sequestro de aeronaves tendo em vista a sua utilização como arma, cenários em que são colocadas em risco vidas humanas que em nada contribuíram para a criação da fonte de perigo.
Face a um quadro de ameaças que se pauta pela imprevisibilidade e pela dimensão catastrófica dos seus efeitos, pretende-se com a presente investigação, equacionar da legitimidade do recurso à legitima defesa ativa na reação perante aeronaves sequestradas e que sejam identificadas como armas de agressão contra alvos civis.
Terrorism and its organizations, by using extreme violence to perpetuate almost continuous and elusive attacks, defy the ability of States to protect the model of democratic society and its citizens. The fight against this type of organizations constitutes therefore a great challenge in the sense that States’ actions in preventing and responding to terrorism will only be effective through the contraction of rights, freedoms and guarantees that have long been taken for granted in democratic societies. The attacks of 11th September 2001 have left an indelible impression in the history of terrorism, where the simultaneous hijacking of four aircrafts served as an instrument to perpetrate an unprecedented terrorist offensive. These events boosted a turn of the page in civil aviation security preventive measures, which became a high priority justifying significant investments to restore public confidence in air transport. However, despite the preventive mechanisms created, civil aviation remains one of the preferred target of terrorist organizations, which constantly seek to swindle the existing security systems to carry out their intentions. Hijacking of aircrafts, for the dangers it entails, remains, therefore, a major concern in the aviation industry. Within a reactive perspective, States must be aware of the operational and legal mechanisms available to them in order to react to acts of unlawful interference, especially in situations involving aircrafts hijacked and used as a weapon, scenarios in which human lives that in no way contributed to the source of danger are put at risk. Facing a threat based on unpredictability and catastrophic dimension of its effects, this research intends to equate the legitimacy of States resourcing to legitimate active defense when reacting to unlawful seizure of aircrafts to be utilized as a weapon of aggression against civilian targets.
Terrorism and its organizations, by using extreme violence to perpetuate almost continuous and elusive attacks, defy the ability of States to protect the model of democratic society and its citizens. The fight against this type of organizations constitutes therefore a great challenge in the sense that States’ actions in preventing and responding to terrorism will only be effective through the contraction of rights, freedoms and guarantees that have long been taken for granted in democratic societies. The attacks of 11th September 2001 have left an indelible impression in the history of terrorism, where the simultaneous hijacking of four aircrafts served as an instrument to perpetrate an unprecedented terrorist offensive. These events boosted a turn of the page in civil aviation security preventive measures, which became a high priority justifying significant investments to restore public confidence in air transport. However, despite the preventive mechanisms created, civil aviation remains one of the preferred target of terrorist organizations, which constantly seek to swindle the existing security systems to carry out their intentions. Hijacking of aircrafts, for the dangers it entails, remains, therefore, a major concern in the aviation industry. Within a reactive perspective, States must be aware of the operational and legal mechanisms available to them in order to react to acts of unlawful interference, especially in situations involving aircrafts hijacked and used as a weapon, scenarios in which human lives that in no way contributed to the source of danger are put at risk. Facing a threat based on unpredictability and catastrophic dimension of its effects, this research intends to equate the legitimacy of States resourcing to legitimate active defense when reacting to unlawful seizure of aircrafts to be utilized as a weapon of aggression against civilian targets.
Description
Keywords
Aviação civil Segurança aérea Terrorismo Abate de aeronaves Sequestro Prevenção Teses de mestrado - 2020