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Resumo(s)
Os radiofármacos são moléculas constituídas por um elemento instável
(emissor de fotão, partículas alfa e partícula beta) e um fármaco com características
farmacológicas e funcionais específicas. Estes fármacos são utilizados em
diagnóstico e em terapêutica no âmbito de várias doenças de acordo com as
características físicas do radionuclídeo que o constitui. Quando se pretende que
sejam utilizados em diagnóstico, os radiofármacos podem ser classificados como de
perfusão ou específicos, dependendo do seu local de acção. No caso dos
radiofármacos de perfusão a sua acção é feita com base no fluxo sanguíneo, sendo
distribuídos ate ao órgão alvo pela corrente sanguínea contrariamente aos
radiofármacos específicos que normalmente necessitam de uma molécula específica
para alcançar o órgão alvo. Actualmente, os radiofármacos de perfusão são os mais
utilizados em termos clínicos enquanto que, os radiofármacos específicos
encontram-se mais associados à investigação na área da química
radiofarmacêutica.
Na vertente terapêutica é necessário ter em conta as características
ionizantes dos radiofármacos, que são nocivas quando em contacto com o tecido ou
órgão. O facto de possuírem na sua constituição elementos radioactivos obriga à
sua administração em baixas concentrações, exigindo legislação e regras de
manipulação próprias.
O radiofármaco mais utilizado actualmente é o tecnécio–99m (
99mTc). Este
radiofármaco é utilizado no diagnóstico clínico em situações que afectam órgãos
como o cérebro, tiroide, coração, pulmão, rim, estruturas ósseas ou componentes
hematológicos.
A presente dissertação apresenta uma abordagem geral sobre radiofármacos
e formas de preparação, contemplando igualmente a sua utilização em diagnóstico e
terapêutica.
Radiopharmaceuticals are molecules composed by an unstable element (photo emitter, alpha particle and beta particle) and a component with specific pharmacological and functional characteristics. These drugs are used in diagnosis and therapy at applied to various conditions according to the characteristics of the radionuclide that is used. When intended to be used in diagnosis, radiopharmaceuticals can be classified as infusion or specific, depending on their point of action. In case of perfusion radiopharmaceuticals its action is based on blood flow, being conducted to the target organ through the bloodstream, unlike radiopharmaceuticals that are normally used by a specific molecule to reach the target organ. Currently, perfusion radiopharmaceuticals are the most used in clinical treatments, while radiopharmaceuticals are mostly associated with research in the chemical radiopharmaceuticals field. Within the therapeutic aspect, it is necessary to take into account as ionizing resources of radiopharmaceuticals, which are harmful when in contact with the organ or tissue. Having radioactive elements in its constitution the administration of such treatments must be applied at low rates, requiring legislation and specific manipulation rules. The most used radiopharmaceutical to this day is the technetium - 99m. This radiopharmaceutical is used in clinical diagnosis in situations that affect organs such as the brain, thyroid, heart, lungs, kidneys, bone structures or hematological components. This dissertation presents a general approach to radiopharmaceuticals and forms of preparation, also contemplating their use in diagnosis and therapy.
Radiopharmaceuticals are molecules composed by an unstable element (photo emitter, alpha particle and beta particle) and a component with specific pharmacological and functional characteristics. These drugs are used in diagnosis and therapy at applied to various conditions according to the characteristics of the radionuclide that is used. When intended to be used in diagnosis, radiopharmaceuticals can be classified as infusion or specific, depending on their point of action. In case of perfusion radiopharmaceuticals its action is based on blood flow, being conducted to the target organ through the bloodstream, unlike radiopharmaceuticals that are normally used by a specific molecule to reach the target organ. Currently, perfusion radiopharmaceuticals are the most used in clinical treatments, while radiopharmaceuticals are mostly associated with research in the chemical radiopharmaceuticals field. Within the therapeutic aspect, it is necessary to take into account as ionizing resources of radiopharmaceuticals, which are harmful when in contact with the organ or tissue. Having radioactive elements in its constitution the administration of such treatments must be applied at low rates, requiring legislation and specific manipulation rules. The most used radiopharmaceutical to this day is the technetium - 99m. This radiopharmaceutical is used in clinical diagnosis in situations that affect organs such as the brain, thyroid, heart, lungs, kidneys, bone structures or hematological components. This dissertation presents a general approach to radiopharmaceuticals and forms of preparation, also contemplating their use in diagnosis and therapy.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Radiofármaco Radiações ionizantes Diagnóstico Terapêutica Tecnécio Mestrado Integrado - 2020
