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Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Os edifícios antigos representam até 40% do consumo total de energia do parque edificado da União Europeia. Qualquer ação com o objetivo de aumentar o desempenho térmico e energético dos edifícios antigos tem influência no consumo de energia à escala nacional. Contudo, existem dúvidas quanto à compatibilização e aplicação do conceito de “edifício com necessidades quase nulas de energia” (NZEB), disposto na diretiva EPBD 2010/31/EU, em edifícios antigos e património edificado. São levantadas questões acerca da profundidade/agressividade versus eficiência da intervenção, já que o impacte no valor patrimonial do edifício tem que ser residual ou nulo, enquanto o desempenho energético tem de aumentar significativamente.
O quarteirão Pombalino do século XVIII, elemento que dá corpo ao Plano de Reconstrução de 1758 da zona baixa da cidade de Lisboa, atualmente designada de “Baixa Pombalina”, sofreu ao longo do tempo um conjunto de alterações que contribuíram para a progressiva delapidação do seu património tecnológico, tendo igualmente consequências nefastas no seu desempenho térmico e energético. Todavia, observámos que o seu desenho inicial possui características arquitetónicas e construtivas com potencial para alcançar o nível NZEB, caso seja adotada uma estratégia de reabilitação energética à escala do quarteirão, ao invés da abordagem usual por edifício ou fração singular. Assim, esta tese demonstra que uma estratégia assente em pacotes de intervenção de âmbito passivo e ativo, aplicada em dois casos de estudo [Q-H & T], reduz a necessidade e o consumo de energia primária para níveis NZEB com um impacte residual no seu valor patrimonial. Para tal, simulámos e comparámos os resultados de 35 pacotes, nos quais combinámos soluções de AVAC, AQS e aproveitamento FER local, com medidas aplicadas no corpo construído, utilizando uma metodologia Building Energy Simulation em dois Building Information Models usando o motor de simulação dinâmica EnergyPlus inserido no software Cypetherm Eplus.
Os resultados mostram que um pacote de âmbito passivo otimizado reduz a necessidade energética para climatização em cerca de 56%, enquanto estratégias de ventilação noturna aumentam, aproximadamente 44%, o conforto térmico na estação quente. Na estação fria, observou-se que não é possível o aumento expressivo do conforto térmico apenas com soluções de âmbito passivo. No âmbito ativo, o pacote AVAC bomba de calor Ar-Ar/equipamento a biomassa sólida regista o consumo de energia primária mais baixo, enquanto os sistemas de aproveitamento FER se revelam fundamentais para alcançar um desempenho NZEB. Por fim, o Q-T [lado maior orientado N-S] regista melhor desempenho que o Q-H [lado maior orientado E-O] na generalidade dos parâmetros, alcançando nível NZEB em 7 pacotes versus 3 pacotes, respetivamente. Destes, apenas 3 pacotes são financeiramente viáveis, com um período de retorno do investimento inicial adicional inferior a 9 anos.
ABSTRACT: Historic and traditional buildings represent up to 40% of buildings total energy consumption on the European Union. For this reason, any steps taken to increase its performance has certainly influence on energy consumption at a national scale. However, it is uncertain how to reconcile historical buildings with the Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept stated on the EPBD directive 2010/31/EU. This subject has raised questions regarding retrofit interventions depth and efficiency, as the impact on the built heritage value has to be residual or null while energy-related improvements must be noticeable. The 18th-century Pombaline block is the key element of the 1758 Reconstruction Plan of Lisbon downtown area known today as “Baixa Pombalina” district. Over the years, these blocks experienced several interventions that contributed, not only to its heritage and functional identity loss, but also with plausible consequences regarding their thermal and energy behavior. If we consider both constructive and architectural inherent features of the Pombaline blocks first design, it shows potential to achieve NZEB level if a retrofit strategy at a block scale is adopted, instead of the usual single building or fraction approach. With this in mind, this thesis aims to show that a set of passive and active scope retrofit packages applied in two case studies [Block H & T], has a residual effect on the built heritage value as far as leads to NZEB level performance by reducing energy demand and primary energy consumption while increases thermal comfort. Therefore, we simulate and compare the results of 35 retrofit packages, combining HVAC, DWH, and solar thermal and photovoltaic systems with measures applied on the built fabric, using a “Building Energy Simulation” methodology on two “Building Information Models” using the dynamic simulation engine EnergyPlus with the interface software Cypetherm Eplus. The results show that an optimized passive scoped package reduce heating and cooling energy demands up to 56%, while nocturnal cooling strategies increase thermal comfort in summer around 44%. However, only passive solutions proved to be ineffective during wintertime. On the active side, an air-to-air heat pump/biomass HVAC system plus a thermal envelope upgrade displays the best results reducing primary energy consumption, while photovoltaic and solar thermal systems proved to have an essential role to achieve NZEB level. Finally, Block T [longer side facing N-S] display better performance than Block H [longer side facing E-W] in almost every parameters, achieving NZEB in 7 packages versus 3 packages respectively. However, only 3 packages display economic viability with payback periods inferior to 9 years.
ABSTRACT: Historic and traditional buildings represent up to 40% of buildings total energy consumption on the European Union. For this reason, any steps taken to increase its performance has certainly influence on energy consumption at a national scale. However, it is uncertain how to reconcile historical buildings with the Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept stated on the EPBD directive 2010/31/EU. This subject has raised questions regarding retrofit interventions depth and efficiency, as the impact on the built heritage value has to be residual or null while energy-related improvements must be noticeable. The 18th-century Pombaline block is the key element of the 1758 Reconstruction Plan of Lisbon downtown area known today as “Baixa Pombalina” district. Over the years, these blocks experienced several interventions that contributed, not only to its heritage and functional identity loss, but also with plausible consequences regarding their thermal and energy behavior. If we consider both constructive and architectural inherent features of the Pombaline blocks first design, it shows potential to achieve NZEB level if a retrofit strategy at a block scale is adopted, instead of the usual single building or fraction approach. With this in mind, this thesis aims to show that a set of passive and active scope retrofit packages applied in two case studies [Block H & T], has a residual effect on the built heritage value as far as leads to NZEB level performance by reducing energy demand and primary energy consumption while increases thermal comfort. Therefore, we simulate and compare the results of 35 retrofit packages, combining HVAC, DWH, and solar thermal and photovoltaic systems with measures applied on the built fabric, using a “Building Energy Simulation” methodology on two “Building Information Models” using the dynamic simulation engine EnergyPlus with the interface software Cypetherm Eplus. The results show that an optimized passive scoped package reduce heating and cooling energy demands up to 56%, while nocturnal cooling strategies increase thermal comfort in summer around 44%. However, only passive solutions proved to be ineffective during wintertime. On the active side, an air-to-air heat pump/biomass HVAC system plus a thermal envelope upgrade displays the best results reducing primary energy consumption, while photovoltaic and solar thermal systems proved to have an essential role to achieve NZEB level. Finally, Block T [longer side facing N-S] display better performance than Block H [longer side facing E-W] in almost every parameters, achieving NZEB in 7 packages versus 3 packages respectively. However, only 3 packages display economic viability with payback periods inferior to 9 years.
Description
Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Conservação e Reabilitação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
Keywords
Património edificado Reabilitação Quarteirão Baixa Pombalina NZEB Historic building Energy retrofit Block NZEB Pombaline Quarter
Pedagogical Context
Citation
DUARTE, Carlos Filipe Chambel - Reabilitação energética de quarteirões pombalinos : estratégia de intervenção para a obtenção do balanço energético quase nulo (NZEB) em património edificado da segunda metade do século XVIII em Lisboa: Lisboa: FA, 2020. Tese de Doutoramento.
Publisher
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura