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Advancing lung cancer diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive overview of nanomedicine innovation
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No mundo atual, o cancro do pulmão continua a desempenhar um papel preponderante como uma das principais patologias que impacta a saúde a nível global. É não só é um dos três tipos de cancro mais comuns, como o responsável pelo maior número de mortes por cancro, com 1,8 milhões de mortes no mundo em 2022.
Os seus métodos de diagnóstico e terapêuticas convencionalmente utilizados têm-se verificado insatisfatórios ou limitantes para a gestão eficaz do cancro do pulmão enquanto doença fatal. Não só os métodos de diagnóstico falham em diagnosticar o cancro em estadios precoces onde o combate à doença torna a probabilidade de sobrevivência maior, como os tratamentos conhecidos como mais eficazes têm ainda muitas limitações que precisam de ser ultrapassadas para uma melhor qualidade de vida do doente.
A nanotecnologia é, assim, uma estratégia empregue de forma promissora na área da saúde, um novo ramo conhecido como nanomedicina, na tentativa de apresentar soluções à escala nanométrica. Estas opções de diagnóstico e terapêutica são desenvolvidas com vista a obter, essencialmente, maior seletividade dos agentes de contraste e dos fármacos anticancerígenos para as células tumorais e, consequentemente, maior biodisponibilidade local e diminuição dos efeitos adversos sentidos no organismo humano.
A presente dissertação explora de forma genérica a aplicação de nanoestruturas no diagnóstico e no tratamento do cancro do pulmão, e aborda exemplos de nanoestruturas que podem ser utilizadas em simultâneo neste sentido, reportadas na literatura desde o início do século XXI até à atualidade, abordando também o conceito “theranostic”.
Apesar dos bons resultados desta aplicação em ensaios pré-clínicos, verifica-se uma crescente necessidade de maior investimento e regulamentação para assegurar a realização de ensaios clínicos em maior quantidade e com maior rigor que validem a translação dessas inovações para humanos.
In today's society, lung cancer continues to play a leading role as one of the main pathologies impacting global health. Not only is it one of the three most common types of cancer, but it is also responsible for the largest number of cancer deaths, with 1.8 million deaths worldwide in 2022. The diagnostic methods and therapies conventionally used have proved to be limited and/or unsatisfactory for the effective management of lung cancer as a fatal disease. Not only do diagnostic methods fail to diagnose cancer at early stages where tackling the disease makes survival more likely, but the treatments that are known to be the most effective still have many limitations that need to be addressed in order to improve patient's quality of life. Nanotechnology is, thus, being used in a promising way in the medical field, a new branch known as nanomedicine, in an attempt to in an attempt to present solutions on the nanometer scale. These diagnostic and therapeutic options are being developed to obtain, essentially, greater selectivity of contrast agents and anti-cancer drugs for tumour cells and, consequently, greater local bioavailability and reduction of the adverse effects felt in the human body. This dissertation broadly explores the application of nanostructures in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer and discusses examples of nanostructures that can be used simultaneously in this regard, by describing scientific paper since early 21st century until the present days, giving life to the emerging concept of “theranostic”. Despite the good results of this application in pre-clinical trials, there is a growing need for greater regulation and investment to ensure that more and more rigorous clinical trials are carried out to validate the translation of these innovations to humans.
In today's society, lung cancer continues to play a leading role as one of the main pathologies impacting global health. Not only is it one of the three most common types of cancer, but it is also responsible for the largest number of cancer deaths, with 1.8 million deaths worldwide in 2022. The diagnostic methods and therapies conventionally used have proved to be limited and/or unsatisfactory for the effective management of lung cancer as a fatal disease. Not only do diagnostic methods fail to diagnose cancer at early stages where tackling the disease makes survival more likely, but the treatments that are known to be the most effective still have many limitations that need to be addressed in order to improve patient's quality of life. Nanotechnology is, thus, being used in a promising way in the medical field, a new branch known as nanomedicine, in an attempt to in an attempt to present solutions on the nanometer scale. These diagnostic and therapeutic options are being developed to obtain, essentially, greater selectivity of contrast agents and anti-cancer drugs for tumour cells and, consequently, greater local bioavailability and reduction of the adverse effects felt in the human body. This dissertation broadly explores the application of nanostructures in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer and discusses examples of nanostructures that can be used simultaneously in this regard, by describing scientific paper since early 21st century until the present days, giving life to the emerging concept of “theranostic”. Despite the good results of this application in pre-clinical trials, there is a growing need for greater regulation and investment to ensure that more and more rigorous clinical trials are carried out to validate the translation of these innovations to humans.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Lung cancer Nanomedicine Diagnostic Treatment Theranostics Mestrado Integrado - 2024