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Crescimento pós-traumático em jovens sobreviventes de cancro : estudo das relações com as variáveis intervenientes
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Resumo(s)
Estudos recentes têm vindo a realçar os processos positivos, como o “crescimento”, associados a vivências traumáticas. O crescimento pós-traumático (CPT) é definido como sendo o processo através do qual o indivíduo é capaz de experienciar mudanças psicológicas positivas, resultantes dos esforços empreendidos para lidar com uma situação traumática. Os sobreviventes de cancro viveram não só o trauma do diagnóstico, mas todo um tempo doloroso de tratamento. Os estudos do crescimento pós-traumático e das variáveis que intervêm no processo, em adolescentes e jovens sobreviventes, são ainda escassos e os resultados são pouco consistentes.
Objetivo: Explorar e descrever o crescimento pós-traumático em jovens diagnosticados com cancro durante a infância, e estudar a sua relação com variáveis psicológicas como a autoeficácia, coping, otimismo, e com a ruminação.
Metodologia: Abordagem metodológica mista, com questionários estandardizados e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Participaram no estudo 36 participantes, com idades entre os 16 e os 33 anos, dos quais uma subamostra de 17 sujeitos participaram também na entrevista semiestruturada.
Resultados: Os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos apontam para o crescimento póstraumático, com níveis mais elevados nas dimensões perceção de si (i.e., aumento de competências e recursos) e novas possibilidades e valorização da vida. Valores mais baixos foram encontrados na dimensão relacional. No estudo qualitativo, a maioria dos jovens refere que a vivência da doença não alterou as suas crenças, mas sim determinou o seu desenvolvimento. O CPT mostrou-se positivamente associado à autoeficácia, ao otimismo e à ruminação. Os jovens referiram como fatores associados ao CPT as suas vivências durante a fase de tratamento essencialmente, pela negativa, o tratamento (a sua exigência e implicações), o isolamento, a preocupação com os seus cuidadores, e a discriminação a que foram sujeitos; e, pela positiva, o apoio dos pais e de profissionais de saúde, a relação com crianças internadas, e a boa evolução da doença.
Conclusões: Os resultados evidenciam o crescimento pós-traumático como um processo que deve ser entendido de forma ajustada ao desenvolvimento dos sobreviventes. As associações encontradas entre CPT e as variáveis estudadas podem contribuir para a melhoria do apoio psicológico a estes jovens e suas famílias, quer na fase ativa da doença, quer na fase de sobrevivência.
Recent studies have been highlighting positive processes such as “growth” associated with traumatic experiences. Posttraumatic growth (PTG)) is defined as the process by which the individual is able to experience positive psychological changes resulting from efforts to deal with a traumatic situation. Cancer survivors experienced not only the diagnosis trauma but a painful treatment process. Posttraumatic growth studies and the variables that intervene in the process in adolescent and young survivors are still scarce and the results are not consistent. Objective: Explore and describe posttraumatic growth in young people diagnosed with cancer during childhood, and to study its relationship with psychological variables such as selfefficacy, coping, optimism and rumination. Method: Mixed methodological approach, with standardized questionnaires and a semistructured interview. Thirty-six participants, aged between 16 and 33, participated in the study, of which a subsample of 17 subjects also participated in a semi-structured interview. Results: Quantitative and qualitative results point to posttraumatic growth, with higher levels in the self-perception dimensions (i.e., increased skills and resources) and new possibilities and appreciation of life. Lower values were found in the relational dimension. In the qualitative study, most young people report that the experience of the disease did not change their beliefs but determined their development. PTG was positively associated with self-efficacy, optimism and rumination. The youths mentioned as factors associated with PTG their experiences during the treatment phase essentially by the negative, the treatment (its requirement and implications), the isolation, the concern with their caregivers, and the discrimination to which they were subjected; and, positively, the support of their parents and health professionals, the relationship with hospitalized children, and the good evolution of the disease. Conclusions: The results show post-traumatic growth as a process that must be understood in a way that is adjusted to the development of survivors. The associations found between PTG and the studied variables may contribute to the improvement of psychological support to these young people and their families, either in the active phase or in the survival phase.
Recent studies have been highlighting positive processes such as “growth” associated with traumatic experiences. Posttraumatic growth (PTG)) is defined as the process by which the individual is able to experience positive psychological changes resulting from efforts to deal with a traumatic situation. Cancer survivors experienced not only the diagnosis trauma but a painful treatment process. Posttraumatic growth studies and the variables that intervene in the process in adolescent and young survivors are still scarce and the results are not consistent. Objective: Explore and describe posttraumatic growth in young people diagnosed with cancer during childhood, and to study its relationship with psychological variables such as selfefficacy, coping, optimism and rumination. Method: Mixed methodological approach, with standardized questionnaires and a semistructured interview. Thirty-six participants, aged between 16 and 33, participated in the study, of which a subsample of 17 subjects also participated in a semi-structured interview. Results: Quantitative and qualitative results point to posttraumatic growth, with higher levels in the self-perception dimensions (i.e., increased skills and resources) and new possibilities and appreciation of life. Lower values were found in the relational dimension. In the qualitative study, most young people report that the experience of the disease did not change their beliefs but determined their development. PTG was positively associated with self-efficacy, optimism and rumination. The youths mentioned as factors associated with PTG their experiences during the treatment phase essentially by the negative, the treatment (its requirement and implications), the isolation, the concern with their caregivers, and the discrimination to which they were subjected; and, positively, the support of their parents and health professionals, the relationship with hospitalized children, and the good evolution of the disease. Conclusions: The results show post-traumatic growth as a process that must be understood in a way that is adjusted to the development of survivors. The associations found between PTG and the studied variables may contribute to the improvement of psychological support to these young people and their families, either in the active phase or in the survival phase.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Área de Especialização em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde - Psicologia da Saúde e da Doença), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2019
Palavras-chave
Cancro - crianças Trauma Sobrevivência Teses de mestrado - 2019