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A mora do credor e a distribuição do risco contratual
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A presente dissertação tem com objetivo contribuir para o estudo da mora do credor, porém este instituto apresenta uma universalidade de dilemas, inquietações e patologias que circunscrevem o não cumprimento transitório, todavia a situação pode densificar-se com a verificação da impossibilidade superveniente, o nosso estudo pretende clarificar como deve operar a distribuição do risco. Deste modo, devemos inicialmente refletir sobre a omissão creditória, e de que modo esta pode afetar a prestação debitória. O programa obrigacional funda-se com a relação estabelecida por dois sujeitos, o sujeito ativo e o sujeito passivo, cada um detém um papel essencial na relação obrigacional, devemos reforçar a ideia de que a realização da prestação pretende desencadear a satisfação do interesse do credor, uma vez que se este sujeito configura-se como o titular do direito ao crédito, mas é importante frisar que o obrigado não se encontra desprovido do interesse de cumprir a prestação, que consequentemente estimula a sua liberação. Qual é o argumento que pode sustentar a afirmação que sobre o privilegiado do plano obrigacional pode ser requerida uma atuação, por via da aceitação ou da cooperação, a omissão dessa conduta encaminha consequências e implicações para o cumprimento da obrigação, o devedor depara-se com a ausência do comportamento do credor que se demonstrava essencial para o seu dever de prestar. A realização da prestação, por norma, não se trata de um ato instantâneo, exige um esforço e desempenho por parte do devedor, grande parte da nossa preocupação é fornecer ferramentas para que se possa entender por quem corre o risco nas várias situações correntes que sejam próprias ou não da obrigação, e das situações que estão dentro e fora do controlo das partes, sendo o direito é uma criação humana, destinada aos homens, questiona-se se os eventos que confrontem a esfera dos sujeitos, se são ou não passíveis de emitir reflexo para o mundo obrigacional. A mora do credor não se limita ao retardamento e as suas consequências, o Código Civil torna a tarefa mais desafiante, na medida que muitos dos problemas aqui invocados não têm uma base normativa legal, pelo menos, muitas vezes a sua aplicação não é direta, este instituto cruza com outras figuras autónomas, mas que representam uma ligação umbilical com a mora, desde a oferta da prestação, a consignação em depósito e a impossibilidade superveniente. Para compreendermos devidamente a mora do credor temos de desmistificar quem são os seus grandes aliados, a aceitação e a cooperação, em relação à cooperação, esta reflete a participação que incumbe ao credor, o que requer uma análise crítica, da sua qualificação, extensão e a determinação das inferências do risco quando nos deparamos com a sua ausência.
The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the study of creditor default, but this institute presents an enormous number of dilemmas, concerns, and pathologies that circumscribe transitory noncompliance; however, the situation can be densified with the verification of supervening impossibility; our study aims to clarify how risk distribution should operate. As a result, we must first consider the credit omission and its potential impact on the debit instalment. The obligatory program is built on a relationship between two subjects, the active subject and the passive subject, both of whom play an important part in the obligatory relationship. We must reinforce the idea that the performance of the installment is intended to trigger the satisfaction of the creditor's interest, because this subject is the holder of the right to the credit, but it is also important to emphasize that the obligee has an interest in fulfilling the installment, which stimulates its release. What is the argument that can support the assertion that the privileged party of the obligatory plan may be required to act, through acceptance or cooperation, the omission of this conduct leads to consequences and implications for the fulfillment of the obligation, the debtor is faced with the absence of the creditor's behavior that was essential to his duty to provide. As a rule, the performance of an obligation is not an instantaneous act, it requires effort and performance on the part of the debtor. A large part of our concern is to provide tools so that it is possible to understand who is at risk in the various current situations, whether they are specific to the obligation, and the situations that are within or outside the control of the parties. Since law is a human creation, intended for men, the question arises as to whether the events that confront the sphere of the subjects, whether they are liable to be reflected in the world of obligations. Creditor default is not limited to delay and its consequences, the Civil Code makes the task more challenging, since many of the problems raised here have no legal basis, at least, often their application is not direct, this institute intersects with other autonomous figures, but which represent an umbilical link with default, from the offer of the installment, the consignment in deposit and the supervening impossibility. In order to properly understand the creditor's default, we have to demystify who its great allies are, acceptance and cooperation. In relation to cooperation, this reflects the creditor's participation, which requires a critical analysis of its qualification, extent and the determination of risk inferences when we are faced with its absence.
The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the study of creditor default, but this institute presents an enormous number of dilemmas, concerns, and pathologies that circumscribe transitory noncompliance; however, the situation can be densified with the verification of supervening impossibility; our study aims to clarify how risk distribution should operate. As a result, we must first consider the credit omission and its potential impact on the debit instalment. The obligatory program is built on a relationship between two subjects, the active subject and the passive subject, both of whom play an important part in the obligatory relationship. We must reinforce the idea that the performance of the installment is intended to trigger the satisfaction of the creditor's interest, because this subject is the holder of the right to the credit, but it is also important to emphasize that the obligee has an interest in fulfilling the installment, which stimulates its release. What is the argument that can support the assertion that the privileged party of the obligatory plan may be required to act, through acceptance or cooperation, the omission of this conduct leads to consequences and implications for the fulfillment of the obligation, the debtor is faced with the absence of the creditor's behavior that was essential to his duty to provide. As a rule, the performance of an obligation is not an instantaneous act, it requires effort and performance on the part of the debtor. A large part of our concern is to provide tools so that it is possible to understand who is at risk in the various current situations, whether they are specific to the obligation, and the situations that are within or outside the control of the parties. Since law is a human creation, intended for men, the question arises as to whether the events that confront the sphere of the subjects, whether they are liable to be reflected in the world of obligations. Creditor default is not limited to delay and its consequences, the Civil Code makes the task more challenging, since many of the problems raised here have no legal basis, at least, often their application is not direct, this institute intersects with other autonomous figures, but which represent an umbilical link with default, from the offer of the installment, the consignment in deposit and the supervening impossibility. In order to properly understand the creditor's default, we have to demystify who its great allies are, acceptance and cooperation. In relation to cooperation, this reflects the creditor's participation, which requires a critical analysis of its qualification, extent and the determination of risk inferences when we are faced with its absence.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Direito e Ciência Jurídica, 2025, Faculdade de Direito, Universidade de Lisboa
Palavras-chave
Direito civil Mora do credor Risco Teses de mestrado - 2025