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O direito fundamental à Segurança Social na era da precarização
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A ascensão vertiginosa de novas dinâmicas laborativas – com repercussão razoavelmente uniforme em todos os cantos do globo -, muitas das quais sequer se enquadram – ao menos prontamente - na tipologia até então vigente, consubstancia um fenômeno que, a par de gerar intensa precarização no tocante a direitos trabalhistas, coloca em sério risco, conforme se avoluma, à sustentabilidade da previdência social de feição bismarckiana (é dizer, contributiva), quer seja aquela propriamente financeira (no que se alia a outros fenômenos já desde antes presentes, tal como a metamorfose da pirâmide etária), quer seja na sua capacidade estrutural de cobertura, ou seja, de continuar a ser um bastião de proteção social. O presente trabalho, assim, tem por escopo avaliar a repercussão desse fenômeno – o qual aqui se denomina “precarização” – para a segurança social e perscrutar possibilidades de adaptação desta aos novos tempos, de modo a propiciar a preservação, em envergadura suficiente, dessa essencial garantia de acesso a direitos fundamentais básicos, no contexto do recorte histórico do modelo socioeconômico vigente. Para tal, entendeu-se necessário proceder a uma análise da evolução histórica da segurança social, não em pesrpectiva descritiva senão crítica, de modo a demonstrar as linhas de pensamento que fundamentam tal soerguimento e que, para mais, podem continuar a nutrir sua sobrevivência em um contexto cada vez mais hostil. A isso dedicamos a Primeira Parte do ensaio. Na Segunda Parte, esboçamos a estrutura atual da segurança social de matriz bismarckiana, com enfoque nas conjunturas eurocomunitária e brasileira, estabelecendo padrões de análise, para além de repensar alguns pormenores. Finalmente, avançamos, na Terceira Parte, à análise frontal da problemática que inspirou a pesquisa que subsidia a confecção do presente estudo, conjugando – tal análise - com propostas de realinhamento do sistema, de modo que este logre persistir como derradeiro reduto a propiciar mínimos sociais garantidores de uma vida digna na fase de obsolescência da capacidade laborativa do ser social contemporâneo.
The bewildering rise of new work dynamics – with more or less uniform repercussions in all corners of the globe -, many of which do not even fit – at least not naturally – into the typology in force until then, embodies a phenomenon that, in addition to generating intense precariousness with regard to labor rights, poses a serious risk, as it grows, to the sustainability of Bismarckian social security (that is, contributory), whether to its financial endurance (in adittion to other phenomena already present, such as the metamorphosis of the age pyramid), or in its structural capacity for insurance coverage, what means to be able to undertake its mission as a bastion of social protection. The purpose of this paper is, then, to assess the impact of this phenomenon – which is here called “precariousness” – on social security and to examine possibilities for its adaptation to the new era, in order to provide for the preservation, on a sufficient scale, of this essential guarantee of access to basic fundamental rights, in the context of the historical outline of the current socioeconomic model. To this end, it was deemed necessary to carry out an analysis of the historical evolution of social security, not from a descriptive but rather a critical perspective, in order to demonstrate the lines of thought that underlie such an upsurge and that, furthermore, can continue to nourish its survival in an increasingly hostile context. We dedicate the First Part of the essay to this. In the Second Part, we outline the current structure of social security based on Bismarck’s model, focusing on the Euro-Community and Brazilian contexts, establishing standards of analysis, in addition to rethinking some features. Finally, in the Third Part, we move on to a frontal analysis of the problem that inspired the research that supports the preparation of this study, combining this analysis with proposals for realigning the system, so that it can pursue its task as the last stronghold to provide minimum social guarantees of a dignified life in the phase of obsolescence of the labor capacity of the contemporary social being.
The bewildering rise of new work dynamics – with more or less uniform repercussions in all corners of the globe -, many of which do not even fit – at least not naturally – into the typology in force until then, embodies a phenomenon that, in addition to generating intense precariousness with regard to labor rights, poses a serious risk, as it grows, to the sustainability of Bismarckian social security (that is, contributory), whether to its financial endurance (in adittion to other phenomena already present, such as the metamorphosis of the age pyramid), or in its structural capacity for insurance coverage, what means to be able to undertake its mission as a bastion of social protection. The purpose of this paper is, then, to assess the impact of this phenomenon – which is here called “precariousness” – on social security and to examine possibilities for its adaptation to the new era, in order to provide for the preservation, on a sufficient scale, of this essential guarantee of access to basic fundamental rights, in the context of the historical outline of the current socioeconomic model. To this end, it was deemed necessary to carry out an analysis of the historical evolution of social security, not from a descriptive but rather a critical perspective, in order to demonstrate the lines of thought that underlie such an upsurge and that, furthermore, can continue to nourish its survival in an increasingly hostile context. We dedicate the First Part of the essay to this. In the Second Part, we outline the current structure of social security based on Bismarck’s model, focusing on the Euro-Community and Brazilian contexts, establishing standards of analysis, in addition to rethinking some features. Finally, in the Third Part, we move on to a frontal analysis of the problem that inspired the research that supports the preparation of this study, combining this analysis with proposals for realigning the system, so that it can pursue its task as the last stronghold to provide minimum social guarantees of a dignified life in the phase of obsolescence of the labor capacity of the contemporary social being.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento em Direito (Ciências Jurídico-Politícas), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Direito, 2025.
Palavras-chave
social security precariousness human rights social rights social minima segurança social precarização direitos humanos direitos sociais mínimos sociais