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Reflexão crítica sobre o uso da força pelos militares da GNR : causas e eventual erro sobre a ilicitude
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A presente dissertação intitula-se “Reflexão crítica sobre o uso da força pelos militares da GNR: Causas e eventual erro sobre a ilicitude”. É sobre esta ampla questão do uso da força que nos debruçamos, designadamente, a sua (des)proporcionalidade, as origens por detrás da conduta e algumas considerações sobre a eventual existência de erro sobre a ilicitude, podendo excluir-se a culpa, nos termos do artigo 17.º do Código Penal. O problema que aqui colocamos não advém propriamente da crescente divulgação de situações possivelmente enquadráveis num contexto de uso desproporcional da força ou de abuso de autoridade, perspetiva essa eventualmente justificável face à facilidade de gravação e divulgação dessas situações, acessível à maioria da população nos últimos 10 anos, mas de um contacto e perspetiva próprios.
Para além de tentarmos compreender algumas circunstâncias inerentes à própria profissão e contexto profissional suscetíveis de provocar, no militar, uma postura de maior ou menor predisposição para um uso da força, i.e., possíveis causas, possíveis “porquês”, fatores sociais, profissionais e de formação que podem fomentar estas situações, analisaremos a possibilidade de se vir a considerar que o militar da GNR age em erro sobre a ilicitude, enquanto causa de exculpação, a sua censurabilidade bem como a atenuação especial, nos termos do artigo 17,º do CP.
O enfoque desta investigação foi exclusivamente na atividade dos militares patrulheiros, os quais, como forças locais da GNR, representam a mesma em primeira linha, contactando diretamente com o cidadão, razão pela qual se quis trazer à colação as considerações dos próprios sobre este tema, realizando-se um inquérito por questionário a 23 militares patrulheiros, não se tendo alcançado o âmbito nacional apenas pela indisponibilidade da própria instituição em colaborar neste projeto, para além de uma análise doutrinal e jurisprudencial no âmbito do ordenamento jurídico interno.
This dissertation is entitled “Critical reflection on the use of force by the GNR military: Causes and eventual error about the unlawfulness”. It is on this broad issue of the use of force that we focus, namely, its disproportionality, the origins behind such conduct and some considerations on the possible existence of an error regarding the unlawfulness, with the possibility of excluding guilt, under the terms of article 17 of the Penal Code. The problem here does not exactly come from the increasing disclosure of situations possibly fitting into a context of disproportionate use of force or abuse of authority, (a perspective that is eventually justifiable in view of the ease of recording and dissemination of these situations, accessible to the majority of the population in the last 10 years), but from personal contact and perspective. In addition to trying to understand some circumstances inherent to the profession itself and the professional context that can lead a military member to adopt a greater or lesser disposition for the use of force, i.e., possible causes, possible "whys," social, professional, and training factors that can foster these situations, we will analyse the possibility of considering that a GNR military personnel acts in error regarding unlawfulness, in accordance with Article 17 of the Criminal Code. The focus of this investigation was exclusively on the activity of the military patrol officers, which, as local GNR forces, represent it in the first line, directly contacting the citizen, which is why we wanted to bring up their own considerations on this topic. We carried out a questionnaire to 23 military patrol officers, which only did not reach the national level due to the institution's unavailability to collaborate in this project, in addition to a doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis in the domestic legal system.
This dissertation is entitled “Critical reflection on the use of force by the GNR military: Causes and eventual error about the unlawfulness”. It is on this broad issue of the use of force that we focus, namely, its disproportionality, the origins behind such conduct and some considerations on the possible existence of an error regarding the unlawfulness, with the possibility of excluding guilt, under the terms of article 17 of the Penal Code. The problem here does not exactly come from the increasing disclosure of situations possibly fitting into a context of disproportionate use of force or abuse of authority, (a perspective that is eventually justifiable in view of the ease of recording and dissemination of these situations, accessible to the majority of the population in the last 10 years), but from personal contact and perspective. In addition to trying to understand some circumstances inherent to the profession itself and the professional context that can lead a military member to adopt a greater or lesser disposition for the use of force, i.e., possible causes, possible "whys," social, professional, and training factors that can foster these situations, we will analyse the possibility of considering that a GNR military personnel acts in error regarding unlawfulness, in accordance with Article 17 of the Criminal Code. The focus of this investigation was exclusively on the activity of the military patrol officers, which, as local GNR forces, represent it in the first line, directly contacting the citizen, which is why we wanted to bring up their own considerations on this topic. We carried out a questionnaire to 23 military patrol officers, which only did not reach the national level due to the institution's unavailability to collaborate in this project, in addition to a doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis in the domestic legal system.
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Direito penal Violência policial Proporcionalidade Guarda Nacional Republicana Erro sobre a ilicitude Teses de mestrado - 2024 Criminal law Use of force Proportionality Republican National Guard Error about unlawfulness