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Resumo(s)
O estudo apresentado neste relatório teve por base a minha intervenção letiva
na unidade didática “Funções Módulo”, numa turma do 10.º ano de escolaridade,
constituída por 22 alunos com idades entre os 15 e os 16 anos, numa escola em
Lisboa. A mesma foi realizada no ano letivo 2019/20, num contexto de ensino remoro
– como consequência da implementação de medidas de contenção da pandemia da
COVID-19 – e contemplou 8 aulas de 60 minutos realizadas em videoconferência
através de uma plataforma virtual. O estudo teve como objetivo compreender os
processos de raciocínio matemático que os alunos do 10.º ano utilizam na resolução
de diversos tipos de tarefas para a aprendizagem de tópicos programáticos do tema
Funções, e a sua articulação com as características das tarefas propostas. Recorri a
métodos de recolha documental e optei por uma metodologia de estudo qualitativa e
interpretativa.
Os resultados sugerem que a resolução de problemas que fomentam a
mobilização de conhecimentos conceptuais e a comunicação escrita através de
representações múltiplas (e. g. algébricas, geométricas, em linguagem natural)
promove a comunicação de um discurso matemático fundamentado, com recurso a
diferentes processos de raciocínio. Os alunos privilegiam raciocínios dedutivos. A
resolução de problemas de otimização leva alguns alunos a explorar raciocínios
indutivos, que envolvem a inferência de dados a partir da exploração de várias
soluções admissíveis por um processo iterativo. Os alunos concretizam
generalizações a partir da análise de vários casos particulares. Também são bem
sucedidos na validação de conjeturas, recorrendo, para isso, a processos de
justificação. Porém, revelam dificuldades em processos de validação envolvendo a
refutação, limitando-se a reformular a conjetura que pretendem refutar, de modo a
tornar uma proposição falsa numa proposição verdadeira. Os alunos não recorrem
espontaneamente a processos de justificação e as justificações que apresentam
indiciam que os mesmos não encaram a justificação matemática como um processo
que possa requerer a articulação de vários dados ou razões. Alguns alunos encaram
a padronização da forma das respostas como um critério para a sua validade e
privilegiam de tal modo a comparação e a identificação de padrões formais, quando
realizam tarefas, que subvertem a utilidade desses processos de raciocínio para o
desenvolvimento das suas aprendizagens.
The focus of the study presented in this report was on understanding the mathematical reasoning processes 10th grade students use for solving different mathematical tasks, and how that relates to the tasks’ characteristics. The data used in this study was collected during my remote teaching experience at a school located in Lisbon, on the subject Modulus Function, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020. My teaching intervention covered 8 online classes, via video conferencing, with a 10th grade class of 22 students whose age varied from 15 to 16 years old. I followed interpretive and qualitative research methods and based my analysis on students’ written work for the tasks I assigned them. The overall results suggest that students engage in reasoning processes and present conclusions which they validate, when solving problems that lead them to explore the meaning of mathematical concepts and to use multiple representations (e. g. algebraic, geometrical, natural language). Most often students use deductive reasoning. When solving optimization problems, some students use inductive reasoning, inferring data by exploring some plausible solutions on an iterative process. When presented with several examples, students generalize results. Students succeed at validating hypothesis, and for that they rely on justifying. On the other hand, they show difficulties when trying to refute a conjecture: often, they just reformulate a false statement to make it true. Students do not use justifying processes spontaneously and the justifications they present suggest that they do not perceive mathematical justifying as a process which may require them to establish more than a single link between data to present a warrant which supports their claim. Some students develop strategies to solve new problems by focusing on comparing and identifying formal patterns on previous written work and trying to reproduce them on new work. By doing so, these students subvert the benefit of those reasoning processes for their learning. They seem to perceive formal similarities in mathematical discourse as criteria to evaluate its validity.
The focus of the study presented in this report was on understanding the mathematical reasoning processes 10th grade students use for solving different mathematical tasks, and how that relates to the tasks’ characteristics. The data used in this study was collected during my remote teaching experience at a school located in Lisbon, on the subject Modulus Function, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020. My teaching intervention covered 8 online classes, via video conferencing, with a 10th grade class of 22 students whose age varied from 15 to 16 years old. I followed interpretive and qualitative research methods and based my analysis on students’ written work for the tasks I assigned them. The overall results suggest that students engage in reasoning processes and present conclusions which they validate, when solving problems that lead them to explore the meaning of mathematical concepts and to use multiple representations (e. g. algebraic, geometrical, natural language). Most often students use deductive reasoning. When solving optimization problems, some students use inductive reasoning, inferring data by exploring some plausible solutions on an iterative process. When presented with several examples, students generalize results. Students succeed at validating hypothesis, and for that they rely on justifying. On the other hand, they show difficulties when trying to refute a conjecture: often, they just reformulate a false statement to make it true. Students do not use justifying processes spontaneously and the justifications they present suggest that they do not perceive mathematical justifying as a process which may require them to establish more than a single link between data to present a warrant which supports their claim. Some students develop strategies to solve new problems by focusing on comparing and identifying formal patterns on previous written work and trying to reproduce them on new work. By doing so, these students subvert the benefit of those reasoning processes for their learning. They seem to perceive formal similarities in mathematical discourse as criteria to evaluate its validity.
Descrição
Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Matemática no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2021
Palavras-chave
Raciocínio matemático Tarefas Funções (Matemática) Ensino secundário Relatórios da prática de ensino supervisionada - 2021
