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Reflexões sobre nudging : influência na tomada de decisão e mudança comportamental
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Resumo(s)
Cada vez sabemos mais acerca do modo como as pessoas tomam decisões. Os políticos, para alcançar os seus objetivos, usam amplamente o nudging, que se enquadra na literatura da economia comportamental e corresponde a intervenções suaves que alteram as decisões das pessoas mudando o comportamento. Os humanos têm racionalidade limitada e por isso tomam decisões enviesadas que vão contra os seus melhores interesses. De facto, as evidências nesta literatura apontam para o facto dos indivíduos não exibir expetativas racionais, não fazerem previsões de acordo com as probabilidades Bayesianas e de possuírem enviesamentos sistematicamente heurísticos, apresentando inconsistência nas preferências, dependendo da forma em que elas eram apresentadas. Estas evidências abriram espaço para a prática do nudge. Sabendo estes insights os políticos “empurram” as pessoas em determinada direção pretendida, sem coerção e interesse monetário. Mas o nudge não é perfeito.
Este trabalho apresenta e discute teorias centrais e visões sobre o termo nudging e como estes métodos são levados a cabo. Relaciona estas abordagens com campos aplicados e discute questões relacionadas com preocupações éticas associadas ao uso e efeitos do nudging.
The knowledge on how people make decisions developed increasingly in the last decades. Politicians to achieve their goals broadly use nudging, that, in behavioral economics are soft interventions that alter people's decisions by changing behavior. The bounded rationality by humans has plenty manifestations being the most known the fact that they are vulnerable to biased decision making, systematically using shortcomings as heuristics in their judgments, that frequently go against their best interests, bringing inconsistency to their choices, preferences and behaviors, and error. Those evidences allowed the practice of nudging to grow up. In fact, knowing these insights, politicians "push" people in a certain direction to provide intended welfare without coercion and monetary interest. But nudge is not perfect. The present work discusses central theoretical frames about nudging, and how these methods take place. Also bring together these approaches with the application in the field and emphasizes related ethical issues associated to the use and effects of nudging.
The knowledge on how people make decisions developed increasingly in the last decades. Politicians to achieve their goals broadly use nudging, that, in behavioral economics are soft interventions that alter people's decisions by changing behavior. The bounded rationality by humans has plenty manifestations being the most known the fact that they are vulnerable to biased decision making, systematically using shortcomings as heuristics in their judgments, that frequently go against their best interests, bringing inconsistency to their choices, preferences and behaviors, and error. Those evidences allowed the practice of nudging to grow up. In fact, knowing these insights, politicians "push" people in a certain direction to provide intended welfare without coercion and monetary interest. But nudge is not perfect. The present work discusses central theoretical frames about nudging, and how these methods take place. Also bring together these approaches with the application in the field and emphasizes related ethical issues associated to the use and effects of nudging.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Área de Especialização em Cognição Social Aplicada), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2019
Palavras-chave
Tomada de decisão Mudança comportamental Intervenções Teses de mestrado - 2019