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Necessidades psicológicas ao longo do desenvolvimento : a importância dos pais no processo de regulação da satisfação das necessidades
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
O Modelo de Complementaridade Paradigmática defende um conjunto de necessidades
psicológicas apresentadas enquanto sete polaridades dialécticas: proximidade-autonomia,
prazer-dor, produtividade-lazer, controlo-cedência, exploração-tranquilidade, coerência do
self-incoerência do self e auto-estima/auto-crítica. De acordo com o Modelo, o bem-estar
depende da adequada regulação da satisfação das necessidades. Esta regulação resulta de uma
instância do self: a sua agência.
O self desenvolve-se ao longo da infância e a sua agência está dependente do
desenvolvimento cognitivo, concluído apenas na adolescência. Desta forma, parece que a
regulação da satisfação das necessidades está, em certa medida, dependente dos pais. Por
forma a tornar adequada esta regulação, é necessário reconhecer e promover experiências
correspondentes às necessidades das crianças. As necessidades psicológicas, mais
concretamente as sete polaridades, emergem em momentos diferentes do desenvolvimento. É,
assim, apresentada uma proposta com base em dados das teorias do desenvolvimento (em
particular Erikson e Piaget), para a emergência das necessidades.
Espera-se que os pais vão ao encontro da proposta apresentada e reconheçam a
importância e promovam experiências relacionadas com as necessidades existentes em cada
etapa. Desta forma, este dois aspectos foram avaliados por um questionário aplicado a pais de
crianças de idade pré-escolar e escolar. Nestas etapas de desenvolvimento, em particular,
esperava-se encontrar diferenças significativas ao nível da polaridade produtividade-lazer,
que emerge na idade escolar. Acreditava-se, ainda, que a polaridade coerência do selfincoerência
do self não iria ser reconhecida como importante nem promovida em qualquer das
etapas, por emergir apenas na adolescência. Procurou-se perceber, também, a relação entre o
reconhecimento da importância e a promoção das necessidades. Os resultados não foram ao
encontro do esperado, uma vez que não foram encontradas diferenças significativas ao nível
da polaridade produtividade-lazer e todas as polaridades foram reconhecidas como sendo
importantes e promovidas. Verificou-se ainda que existe uma relação forte entre o
reconhecimento de importância e a promoção.
The Paradigmatic Complementary Model argues a set of psychological needs presented as seven dialectic polarities: proximity-autonomy, pleasure-pain, productivity-restfulness, control-cede, exploration-tranquility, coherence of self-incoherence of self, and selfesteem/ self-criticism. According to the Model, well-being depends on the adequate regulation of the satisfaction of needs. This regulation results from an instance of the self: its agency. Self develops throughout childhood and its agency is dependent on the cognitive development, and its conclusion occurs only in adolescence. Thus it seems that the regulation of needs satisfaction is, to some extent, dependent on the parents. In order to make this regulation suitable, it is necessary to recognize and promote experiences that correspond to the children’s needs. The psychological needs, more specifically the seven polarities, emerge in different development stages. It is therefore presented a proposal based on data from different development theories (particularly Erickson and Piaget) to cover the emergence of the needs. It is expected that parents will meet the presented proposal and recognize the importance and promote experiences related to the existent needs of each stage. Accordingly, these two aspects were evaluated through a questionnaire implemented for parents of preschoolers and school aged children. In these development stages, in particular, it was expected to encounter significant differences in productivity-restfulness polarity, which emerge at school age. It was also expected to find that the polarity coherence of selfincoherence of self was not going to be seen as important, nor promoted in any of the stages, since it only emerges in adolescence. An attempt was also made to understand the connection between the recognition of the importance of needs and their promotion. The results didn’t meet the expectations, since there weren’t significant differences in the polarity productivityrestfulness, and every other polarity was recognized as being important and promoted. It was also found that there is a strong relation between the recognition of importance and promotion.
The Paradigmatic Complementary Model argues a set of psychological needs presented as seven dialectic polarities: proximity-autonomy, pleasure-pain, productivity-restfulness, control-cede, exploration-tranquility, coherence of self-incoherence of self, and selfesteem/ self-criticism. According to the Model, well-being depends on the adequate regulation of the satisfaction of needs. This regulation results from an instance of the self: its agency. Self develops throughout childhood and its agency is dependent on the cognitive development, and its conclusion occurs only in adolescence. Thus it seems that the regulation of needs satisfaction is, to some extent, dependent on the parents. In order to make this regulation suitable, it is necessary to recognize and promote experiences that correspond to the children’s needs. The psychological needs, more specifically the seven polarities, emerge in different development stages. It is therefore presented a proposal based on data from different development theories (particularly Erickson and Piaget) to cover the emergence of the needs. It is expected that parents will meet the presented proposal and recognize the importance and promote experiences related to the existent needs of each stage. Accordingly, these two aspects were evaluated through a questionnaire implemented for parents of preschoolers and school aged children. In these development stages, in particular, it was expected to encounter significant differences in productivity-restfulness polarity, which emerge at school age. It was also expected to find that the polarity coherence of selfincoherence of self was not going to be seen as important, nor promoted in any of the stages, since it only emerges in adolescence. An attempt was also made to understand the connection between the recognition of the importance of needs and their promotion. The results didn’t meet the expectations, since there weren’t significant differences in the polarity productivityrestfulness, and every other polarity was recognized as being important and promoted. It was also found that there is a strong relation between the recognition of importance and promotion.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde - Núcleo de Psicoterapia Cognitiva-Comportamental e Integrativa), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2011
Palavras-chave
Necessidades psicológicas Complementaridade paradigmática Psicologia do desenvolvimento Teses de mestrado - 2011