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A legitimação de campos de detenção offshore: mudança na percepção australiana quanto aos requerentes de asilo (1996-2007)
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A realidade dos refugiados e dos requerentes de asilo nunca foi fácil. É muito
complicado deixar as suas raízes e os seus entes queridos para trás, e ir em busca de
horizontes que possibilitem novos recomeços. Nesta incerta empreitada, alguns destes
indivíduos valem-se da utilização de barcos clandestinos para iniciar a sua arriscada
jornada em busca de segurança e paz em terras australianas. Estes, no entanto, muitas
vezes têm a sua história e individualidade ofuscadas em virtude de rótulos taxativos
construídos e disseminados no imaginário australiano como “boat people”, “queue
jumpers” e até mesmo “refugiados ilegais”. A partir do questionamento de qual a
bagagem que a Austrália carregava que culminou com a securitização das migrações
internacionais forçadas por vias marítimas pelo governo Howard, como a comunidade
australiana percebeu esta atitude e quais são as suas implicações políticas e demográficas,
a presente dissertação discorre a respeito do emblemático caso do MV Tampa durante
a era Howard (1996-2007), que amplificou uma série de já questionáveis políticas de
detenção mandatória dos anos noventa, introduziu de forma ad hoc mudanças
legislativas para dicotomizar os requerentes de asilo por meio do seu modo de chegada,
primou por campanhas de dissuasão para evitar que os requerentes de asilo oriundos do
mar alcançassem à Austrália sem um visto prévio, ao passo que inaugurou
problemáticos e controversos campos de detenção offshore em ilhas do Pacífico. O
trabalho utiliza a análise crítica do discurso para compreender como a securitização dos
fluxos migratórios internacionais por via marítima acabou por fomentar a adoção de um
posicionamento político-estratégico, que ao tratar o problema dentro do espectro da
segurança nacional (promovendo um discurso de enrijecimento das fronteiras do país),
visava os ganhos políticos da reeleição. É destacado ainda como a naturalização
histórica do racismo no país foi vital para possibilitar o desencadeamento destas
decisões políticas e como curiosamente a resposta de Canberra à questão ia não apenas
em desacordo com as obrigações internacionais australianas, mas também na contramão
do problema demográfico que se refletia na pirâmide etária invertida da remota
população australiana.
The reality of refugees and asylum seekers has never been easy. It is very complicated to leave your roots and your loved ones behind, and to search for horizons that enable new beginnings. In this uncertain endeavor, some of these individuals use clandestine boats to begin their risky journey to safety and peace on Australian land. They, however, often have their history and individuality overshadowed by derogatory labels constructed and disseminated in the Australian imagination, such as “boat people”, “queue jumpers” and even “illegal refugees”. Starting from the question of what baggage Australia carried that culminated in the securitization of international maritime forced migrations by the Howard administration, how the Australian community perceived this attitude and what are its political and demographic implications, this dissertation discusses the iconic case of MV Tampa during the Howard era (1996-2007), which amplified a series of already questionable mandatory detention policies of the 1990s, introduced ad hoc legislative changes to dichotomize asylum seekers regarding their arrival method, invested in deterrence campaigns to prevent seaborne asylum seekers from reaching Australia without a prior visa, while it also inaugurated problematic and controversial offshore detention camps on Pacific islands. The paper uses the critical discourse analysis to understand how the securitization of international migratory flows by sea eventually fostered the adoption of a political-strategic stance, which by addressing the problem within the spectrum of national security (promoting a discourse of hardening the country's borders), aimed at the political gains of reelection. It is also highlighted how the historical naturalization of racism in the country was vital to enable the triggering of these political decisions and how curiously was Canberra's answer to the situation, which was not only in disagreement with Australian international obligations, but also against the demographic problem showcased by the inverted age pyramid of the remote Australian population.
The reality of refugees and asylum seekers has never been easy. It is very complicated to leave your roots and your loved ones behind, and to search for horizons that enable new beginnings. In this uncertain endeavor, some of these individuals use clandestine boats to begin their risky journey to safety and peace on Australian land. They, however, often have their history and individuality overshadowed by derogatory labels constructed and disseminated in the Australian imagination, such as “boat people”, “queue jumpers” and even “illegal refugees”. Starting from the question of what baggage Australia carried that culminated in the securitization of international maritime forced migrations by the Howard administration, how the Australian community perceived this attitude and what are its political and demographic implications, this dissertation discusses the iconic case of MV Tampa during the Howard era (1996-2007), which amplified a series of already questionable mandatory detention policies of the 1990s, introduced ad hoc legislative changes to dichotomize asylum seekers regarding their arrival method, invested in deterrence campaigns to prevent seaborne asylum seekers from reaching Australia without a prior visa, while it also inaugurated problematic and controversial offshore detention camps on Pacific islands. The paper uses the critical discourse analysis to understand how the securitization of international migratory flows by sea eventually fostered the adoption of a political-strategic stance, which by addressing the problem within the spectrum of national security (promoting a discourse of hardening the country's borders), aimed at the political gains of reelection. It is also highlighted how the historical naturalization of racism in the country was vital to enable the triggering of these political decisions and how curiously was Canberra's answer to the situation, which was not only in disagreement with Australian international obligations, but also against the demographic problem showcased by the inverted age pyramid of the remote Australian population.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais
Palavras-chave
Austrália John Howard Requerentes de asilo Securitização Análise crítica do discurso Inversão da pirâmide etária Australia John Howard asylum seekers Securitization critical analysis of discourse Inverted age pyramid
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas