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Pornografia infantil : novos problemas face ao paradigma da pornografia virtual?
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Abstract(s)
A pornografia infantil tem sido, desde sempre, uma realidade que afeta as crianças de todo o mundo. Numa tentativa de dar um contributo válido para a proteção das crianças violentadas, o objetivo da dissertação é analisar a conceção atual do regime jurídico português em torno do crime da pornografia infantil virtual, uma nova forma de atentar contra as crianças, que começou a surgir nos finais do século XX. No entanto, antes de tratarmos a temática principal, propomo-nos fazer um enquadramento ao leitor. Começamos por retratar a evolução da criação dos instrumentos legais que tutelam os direitos das crianças, tanto a nível internacional como nacional, sem esquecer a apresentação da concretização da criança como sujeito de direitos. De seguida, caminhamos no sentido da construção jurídica da criança, que nos explica como podemos identificar um indivíduo enquanto menor e até que idade é concebida essa qualidade, mediante a exposição dos conceitos que nos levam a assumir e dar esse tratamento ao sujeito. Aproximando-nos mais do tema central deste trabalho, entramos na área do direito penal sexual português e fazemos referência às reformas do Código Penal Português que introduziram no elenco do regime sancionatório português os crimes contra a liberdade e autodeterminação sexual, outrora considerados crimes que atentavam contra a moralidade e bons costumes, terminando este capítulo com a indicação dos tipos de crimes sexuais que afetam o menor onde, logo de seguida, nos focamos no tema da pornografia infantil e da sua evolução e variantes – desde as noções concebidas na ordem internacional até ao tratamento dado pelo ordenamento jurídico português. Por fim, pretende-se retratar o crime da pornografia infantil virtual através do enquadramento descritivo de diversos aspetos como o seu conceito, características, previsão na lei, bem como identificar qual o bem jurídico em questão, finalizando com a exposição das considerações doutrinárias tecidas sobre o tema, tanto a favor como contra a sua criminalização na ordem jurídica portuguesa. Afirmar que esgotamos o tema, seria pretensioso, no entanto procuramos ir de encontro à condenação do crime que, de uma forma ou de outra, ofende a liberdade e autodeterminação das crianças, aplaudindo o legislador na transposição da Diretiva 2011/92/UE, que combate a pornografia infantil virtual de acordo com o evoluir das novas tecnologias.
Child pornography has always been a reality that affects children all over the world. In an attempt to contribute to the protection of abused children, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the current conception of the Portuguese juridical system with regards to the crime of virtual child pornography, a new way of attempting against children, which began to emerge in the late 20th century. However, before discussing the main theme, we will provide a framework for the reader. We start by describing the evolution of the creation of legal instruments that protect the children’s rights, both international and nationally, without forgetting the assumption of the child as an individual of rights. Then, we further through the legal construction of the child, which explains how an individual can be considered a minor and until what age this quality is conceived, by exposing the concepts that lead us to assume and give the individual this treatment. Bringing us closer to the central theme of this work, we enter into the area of the Portuguese sexual criminal law. In this context, we write about the reforms of the Penal Code that shaped the crimes of sexual freedom and self-determination, once considered crimes that violated morality. This chapter ends with the indication of the types of sexual crimes that affect the minor. Here, we focus on the theme of child pornography and all its evolution – since the notions conceived in the international order to the treatment given by the Portuguese legal system. Moreover, it is intended to discuss the crime of virtual child pornography through a descriptive framework of several aspects, such as its concept, characteristics, prediction in the law, as well as to identify which protected legal interest our concern is. We finish with the exposition of doctrinal considerations woven about the theme, both in favor and against its criminalization in the Portuguese legal order. Finally, we aim to achieve the condemnation of the crime that, in one way or another, offends children’s freedom and self-determination, applauding the legislator in the transposition of the Directive 2011/92/EU that battles against virtual child pornography according to the evolution of new technologies.
Child pornography has always been a reality that affects children all over the world. In an attempt to contribute to the protection of abused children, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the current conception of the Portuguese juridical system with regards to the crime of virtual child pornography, a new way of attempting against children, which began to emerge in the late 20th century. However, before discussing the main theme, we will provide a framework for the reader. We start by describing the evolution of the creation of legal instruments that protect the children’s rights, both international and nationally, without forgetting the assumption of the child as an individual of rights. Then, we further through the legal construction of the child, which explains how an individual can be considered a minor and until what age this quality is conceived, by exposing the concepts that lead us to assume and give the individual this treatment. Bringing us closer to the central theme of this work, we enter into the area of the Portuguese sexual criminal law. In this context, we write about the reforms of the Penal Code that shaped the crimes of sexual freedom and self-determination, once considered crimes that violated morality. This chapter ends with the indication of the types of sexual crimes that affect the minor. Here, we focus on the theme of child pornography and all its evolution – since the notions conceived in the international order to the treatment given by the Portuguese legal system. Moreover, it is intended to discuss the crime of virtual child pornography through a descriptive framework of several aspects, such as its concept, characteristics, prediction in the law, as well as to identify which protected legal interest our concern is. We finish with the exposition of doctrinal considerations woven about the theme, both in favor and against its criminalization in the Portuguese legal order. Finally, we aim to achieve the condemnation of the crime that, in one way or another, offends children’s freedom and self-determination, applauding the legislator in the transposition of the Directive 2011/92/EU that battles against virtual child pornography according to the evolution of new technologies.
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Keywords
Direito das crianças Menores Crimes sexuais Pornografia infantil Direito penal Internet Teses de mestrado - 2017